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Sleep Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the wave frequency of alpha activity?

A

8-12 mhz

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1
Q

What is measured in sleep studies?

A 
EEG [brain]
EMG [muscle - chin]
EOG [eyes]
skin [conducting electricity]	
heartrate
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2
Q

What is wave frequency of Beta activity?

A

13-30 mhz

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3
Q

What is wave frequency of Theta sleep?

A

4-11.5 mhz

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4
Q

What is wave frequency of Delta sleep?

A

0-3 mhz

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5
Q

What is slow wave sleep?

A

delta - 0-3 mhz

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6
Q

What is the down state?

A

period of inhibition during slow oscillation in slow-wave sleep; neurons in neocortex are silent and resting

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7
Q

What is up-state in sleep?

A

Period of excitation during slow oscillation in slow wave sleep; neurons in neocortex briefly fire at high rate

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8
Q

What is indicated by lower frequency activity in brain?

A

Neurons are synchronising more

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9
Q

What do sleep spindles do?

A

Appear 2-5 times / minute in stages 1-4
consolidating memories,
correlation between sleep spindles and intelligence

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10
Q

What are K complexes?

A

Found only in stage 2 sleep
1/minute, triggered [not only] by loud noises
forerunners of delta activity

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11
Q

What is stage 3 sleep?

A

Contains 20-50 % delta activity

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12
Q

What is stage 4 sleep?

A

Contains >50% delta activity

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13
Q

What is slow wave sleep?

A

Stages 3-4

delta activity

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14
Q

What is most important part of slow wave sleep?

A

slow oscillations - <1Hz

consisting down state [neurons resting] and up state [period of excitation where neurons fire at high rate]

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15
Q

What happens approx 90 minutes into sleep cycle?

A

Neurons desynchronise; sprinkling of theta [stage 1] waves
eye movement
profound loss of muscle tone [EMG silent]

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16
Q

What happens when someone is aroused from REM sleep?

A

Alert and awake

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17
Q

Describe arousal from REM sleep?

A

Will respond to meaningful stimulation - eg name; awake and alert

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18
Q

What do people who are aroused from slow wave sleep report?

A

presence of thought, image, emotion

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19
Q

How many periods of REM sleep are in 8 hour block?

A

4-5

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20
Q

When do blocks of slow wave sleep happen?

A

Early in night [normally 2x stage 4, 4x stage 3]

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21
Q

What happens to brain in REM sleep?

A

cerbral blood flow and oxygen consumption are accelerated

increased activity

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22
Q

What happens to body in REM sleep?

A

Spinal and cranial motor neurons inhibited

Body paralysed

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23
Q

What happens to length of REM sleep periods over course of sleep?

A

Get longer

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24
Q

What are principle characteristics of Slow wave sleep?

A

EEG synchrony [slow waves]
Moderate muscle tonus
Slow or absent eye movements
Lack of genital activity

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25
Q

What are principle characteristics of REM sleep?

A 
EEG desynchrony [rapid, irregular waves]
Lack of muscle tonus
REM
Penile erection or vaginal secretion
Dreams
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26
Q

During REM sleep, what happens to blood flow?

A

High in visual association cortex

Low in primary visual cortex and prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

What does high rate of blood flow in visual association cortex indicate?

A

visual hallucinations - dreams

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28
Q

What does low blood flow to prefrontal cortex in REM sleep create?

A

Confabulation, distortion of reality in dreams

Lack of time / organisation in dreams

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29
Q

What do REM sleep eye movements relate to?

A

Visual imagery in our dreams

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30
Q

What happens to other brain mechanisms [eg motor mechanisms] when we dream?

A

Become active if they are active in dream [eg increased blood flow to cortical and subcortical motor mechanisms]

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31
Q

What happens if a dream involves talking or listening?

A

Those parts of brain become active

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32
Q

What mental activity can accompany slow wave sleep/

A

Nightmares

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33
Q

How many people are affected by insomnia?

A

Approx 25% occasionally, 9% regularly

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34
Q

What are problems caused by chronic sleep deprivation?

A

increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardio-vascular disease

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35
Q

What are problems with sleep medication?

A

produces grogginess and difficulty concentrating next day

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36
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Inability to sleep and breathe concurrently

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37
Q

What does sleep apnea do to blood?

A

Lack of breathing –> increased carbon dioxide in blood –> stimulates chemoreceptors [neurons that detect certain chemicals], and person wakes up gasping for air

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38
Q

What causes sleep apnea?

A

Low muscle tone in airways

Narrowness in airways

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39
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations

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40
Q

What is a narcoleptic sleep attack?

A

Overwhelming urge to sleep that can happen at any time

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41
Q

What happens in cataplexy?

A

Muscle weakness [sometimes completely paralysed] while fully conscious

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42
Q

What causes cataplexy?

A

muscle paralysis [part of REM sleep] happens at inappropriate time

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43
Q

What precipitates cataplexy?

A

Strong emotional reactions or physical effort - esp if caught unaware

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44
Q

Why do people with narcolepsy try to avoid strong emotions?

A

Can trigger cataplectic attacks

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45
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

Inability to move just before onset of sleep, or waking in the morning

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46
Q

How can person be brought out of sleep paralysis?

A

By being touched; called by name

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47
Q

What are hypnogogic hallucinations?

A

Dreaming while lying awake, paralysed [sleep paralysis + dreaming + awake]

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48
Q

What is cause of narcolepsy?

A

Loss of orexinergic neurons [orexin peptide found in neurons with cell bodies in hypothalamus - destruction of these neurons causes narcolepsy]

49
Q

what treats narcolepsy?

A

Ritalin

Antidepressants [facilitating serotonergic and noradrenergic activity]

50
Q

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder

A

Behaviour of people corresponds with content of dreams

51
Q

What causes REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A

Body fails to become paralysed in REM sleep

52
Q

What treats REM sleep disorder?

A

Drugs

53
Q

What are problems associated with slow wave sleep?

A

Bedwetting
Sleepwalking
Night terrors

54
Q

Do all animals show signs of sleep?

A

All show periods of quiescence that resemble sleep

Only mammals and birds show REM sleep with muscle paralysis, EEG desynchrony and REM.

55
Q

what have studies shown about physiological stress and relation to sleep deprivation?

A

No evidence

56
Q

WHat have studies shown about relationship between body and sleep?

A

Primary role of sleep doesn’t seem to be rest and recuperation

57
Q

What have studies shown about relationship btwn cognitive ability and sleep?

A

Cognitive ability can be affected by lack of sleep

58
Q

What stages of sleep have been shown to be more important in studies?

A

REM and stage 4

59
Q

What is relationship between activity of brain region during waking hours and activity during slow wave sleep?

A

Higher activity during waking show highest levels of delta waves [and lowest metabolic activity] during slow wave sleep

60
Q

What does presence of slow wave activity in a brain region indicate?

A

Resting

61
Q

What does waking up groggy and confused indicate?

A

Cerebral cortex shut down, not resumed functioning

62
Q

What happens to cognitive abilities after missing a night’s sleep?

A

Impaired

63
Q

What do lowered rates of metabolic activity in brain allow?

A

Restorative mechanisms in cells destroy free radicals [waste products produced by metabolic waking activity of brain]

64
Q

What is impaired in fatal familial insomnia?

A

Thalamus

65
Q

What are symptoms of fatal familial insomnia?

A

deficits in attention and memory –> dreamlike, confused state
loss of control of ANS and endocrine system
increased body temperature
insomnia

66
Q

What are first signs of fatal familial insomnia?

A

Reductions in sleep spindles and K complexes

–> eventually slow wave sleep disappears, and only brief episodes of REM remain

67
Q

What was shown in Huber’s study where people performed motor learning task just before sleep?

A

Increase in slow-wave activity in region of the neocortex that was active while performing the task.

68
Q

Where is slow wave activity increased after day of cerebral activity?

A

Cerebral cortex

69
Q

What happens after several days of REM sleep deprivation?

A

rebound phenomenon - much greater percentage than normal of REm sleep

70
Q

What does REM rebound phenomenon suggest?

A

That REM sleep is controlled by a regulatory mechanism

71
Q

What type of memory does REM sleep facilitate?

A

Non-declarative memory

72
Q

What type of memory does slow wave sleep facilitate

A

Declarative

73
Q

What does slow wave sleeping brain do?

A

Rehearses [consolidates] information acquired in previous period of wakefulness

74
Q

What does prolonged wakefulness do to levels of glycogen in brain?

A

Decreases level

75
Q

What does a fall in levels of glycogen do to adenosine?

A

Increases levels of adenosine

76
Q

What does extracellular adenosine do?

A

Inhibits neural activity - therefore is a sleep-promoting substance

77
Q

What is relationship of adenosine to sleep?

A

Extracellular adenosine [caused by depleted levels of glycogen] promotes sleep

78
Q

What is effect of increased adenosine, caused by prolonged wakefulness

A

Inhibition of neural activity; produces cognitive and emotional effects seen in sleep deprivation.

79
Q

What does caffeine do to adenosine receptors?

A

Blocks them, therefore decreasing tendency to sleep

80
Q

What neurotransmitters play a role in arousal?

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, orexin

[ANSHO]

81
Q

Where is acetylcholine most active?

A

Cerebral cortex

82
Q

What is adenosine?

A

A neuromodulator released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity

83
Q

What do acetylcholinergic neurons in pons and basal forebrain do when stimulated?

A

Produce activation and cortical desynchrony

84
Q

What do acetylcholinergic neurons in medial septum do?

A

Control activity of hippocampus

85
Q

What do acetylcholinergic agonists do on EEG?

A

increase cortical arousal

86
Q

What do acetylcholinergic antagonists do on EEG?

A

decrease signs of cortical arousal

87
Q

What happens to levels of ACh in waking, REM sleep and slow wave sleep?

A

High during waking and REM sleep

Low during slow wave sleep

88
Q

What happens when dorsal pons is stimulated?

A

Increases activity in cerebral cortex

increases release in ACh in cerebral cortex

89
Q

What type of NT are amphetamines agonistic for?

A

Catecholamines [eg NE]

90
Q

What happens when ACH neurons in basal forebrain are activated by drugs?

A

Increases wakefulness

91
Q

What is relationship of Norepephrine to arousal?

A

increasing NE neurons in Locus Coeruleus [dorsal pons] increases vigilance

92
Q

What is relationship of serotonin to arousal?

A

Facilitate continuous, automatic movements [pacing, chewing]

93
Q

Where are serotonin neurons found?

A

Raphe nuclei

94
Q

What NT facilitates ongoing activities, and suppresses sensory information?

A

Serotonin

95
Q

What happens to serotonergic neurons during sleep?

A

Firing rate declines in slow wave sleep, virtually zero in REM sleep, very active at immediate end of REM

96
Q

Where are histaminergic neurons located?

A

TMN in hypothalamus

97
Q

What is activity of histaminergic neurons during waking and sleeping?

A

High during waking

Low during slow wave and REM sleep

98
Q

What does infusion of histamine into basal forebrain region do?

A

Increases wakefulness, decrease in non-REM sleep

99
Q

What three factors control sleep?

A

Homeostatic, allostatic and circadian

100
Q

What is the homeostatic control of sleep?

A

Desire for regular amount of sleep, repayment of sleep debt

101
Q

What is allostatic control of sleep?

A

Reactions to threats in environment that override homeostatic factors

102
Q

What are circadian factors in sleep?

A

Restriction of sleep to certain parts of day / night

103
Q

What is the primary homeostatic factor in control of sleep?

A

Presence or absence of adenosine [accumulates in wakefulness, destroyed in slow wave sleep]

104
Q

What is zeitgeber?

A

A stimulus [usually light of dawn] that resets the biological clock resposnible for circadian rhythms

105
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

A daily rhythmical change in behaviour or physiological processes

106
Q

Where is the primary biological clock located?

A

SCN [suprachiasmatic nuclus] of hypothalamus

107
Q

What do lesions of the SCN cause?

A

Disruption of daily rhythms [eating, sleeping] - though similar amount of sleep required [doesn’t override homeostatic control]

108
Q

What visual fibers project to SCN?

A

retinal

109
Q

What is melanopsin?

A

Photopigment in ganglion cells whose axons transmit info to SCN and the thalamus

110
Q

Where do efferent axons of SCN terminate?

A

in subparaventricular zone [SPZ] [just dorsal to SCN]

111
Q

What do lesions of the ventral part of SPZ cause?

A

disruption to circadian rhythms of sleep and waking

112
Q

How do projections from dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus stop sleep?

A

inhibitory projections of the vIPOA and excitatory projections to the orexinergic neurons [promoting wakefulness]
Work diurnally

113
Q

What provides evidence of chemical communication between SCN and other parts of brain?

A

Transplants of SCN

114
Q

What is intercellular ticking [of internal clock] caused by?

A

Time it takes to produce and degrade a set of proteins

115
Q

What happens to proteins in cells when they are exposed to light?

A

Changes the levels - therefore resetting the internal clock

116
Q

What is relationship between testosterone and light?

A

increased length of day = higher testosterone

117
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

118
Q

What is relationship between length of night and amount of melatonin secreted?

A

Longer the night, more melatonin secreted

119
Q

What is the one neural connection the SCN relies on?

A

the SCN - PVN connection –> release of melatonin through pineal gland

120
Q

What do lesions in SCN, PVN and pineal gland lead to?

A

Reduction in melatonin

Bio psych (14 decks)

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