Learning and Memory revision

Question 0

In epilepsy, are neurons firing synchronously or dysynchronously?

Answer 0

synchronously

that’s what causes the seizure

Question 1

What causes epileptic seizures?

Answer 1

Sudden excitation in group of neurons with loss of inhibitory potential

Question 2

What happens at excitatory synapses?

Answer 2

If glutamate is released into synapse, makes it more likely next neuron will fire

Question 3

Is epilepsy caused by increase in glutamate or reduction in GABA?

Answer 3

reduction in GABA

Question 4

What has informed us more than anything else about memory function?

Answer 4

TLE

Question 5

What is TLE?

Answer 5

recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from medial or lateral temporal lobe

Question 6

What does medial, lateral mean?

Answer 6

Middle, outside

Question 7

What is difference between simple or complex seizure?

Answer 7

simple = auras
complex = loss of consciousness
All TLE’s start simple

Question 8

What is sclerosis?

Answer 8

deterioration of cells or cell death

Question 9

What else causes TLE?

Answer 9

past infections, tumours, vascular malformation

Question 10

Is TLE usually bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 10

unilateral

Question 11

What was resected in HMs surgery?

Answer 11

Amygdala, hippocampi, part of parahippocampal gyri

Question 12

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 12

Impairment for memories created prior to injury

Question 13

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 13

Can’t learn new things

Can’t recall experiences / information learnt after injury

Question 14

What is declarative memory?

Answer 14

Ability to consciously access information

Question 15

What was HM’s ability re declarative and procedural memory?

Answer 15

Declarative: very bad
Procedural: fine

Question 16

How is procedural memory developed?

Answer 16

repetitive practice

Question 17

What do left MTL lesions result in?

Answer 17

Verbal memory impairment

Question 18

What do right MTL lesions result in?

Answer 18

Non-verbal / visual memory impairment

Question 19

Does TLE lead to memory impairment?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What is verbal v non-verbal memory impairment?

Answer 20

verbal = language based [written and spoken]
non-verbal = non-language based [visual]

Question 21

What is hippocampus proper?

Answer 21

Ammon’s Horn [CA1 to CA3]

Question 22

What is hippocampal formation?

Answer 22

dentate gyrus, CA1, CA3, subiculum

Question 23

Where does entorhinal cortex receive info from?

Answer 23

parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices

Question 24

What does hippocampus do with different modes of memory?

Answer 24

Puts them all together - can know what we saw, what we felt, what we touched

Question 25

What is consolidation theory of memory?

Answer 25

After a period of consolidation, information can be retrieved independently of hippocampal information [Squire]

Question 26

What is multiple trace theory of memory?

Answer 26

Retrieval of autobiographical / episodic experiences always involves hippocampal system [Moscovich]

Question 27

Which part of brain is particularly important for relational memory tasks? [eg name with face, meaning with a word]

Answer 27

Hippocampal system

Question 28

How do we test relational memory?

Answer 28

paired association task [between arbitrarily things]

Question 29

What are the three regions of the extra-temporal brain that are involved in memory?

Answer 29

Papez's circuit frontal lobes diencephalon

Question 30

What does Papez's circuit include?

Answer 30

``` mamillary bodies [hypothalamus] fornix ATN [thalamus] cingulate gyrus hippocampus ```

Question 31

What is process of Papez's circuit

Answer 31

hippocampus - fornix - mamillary bodies - ATN - cingulate cortex - hippocampus

Question 32

What do lesions to Papez's circuit result in?

Answer 32

Declarative memory impairment

Question 33

Which parts of papez's circuit are most likely to be lesioned in declarative memory impairment?

Answer 33

Hippocampal | ATN

Question 34

Where is spatial memory most likely formed?

Answer 34

right hippocampal lesions

Question 35

What do the frontal lobes do?

Answer 35

Motor programming [motor and premotor cortices - posterior FL] Cognitive control processes [prefrontal cortex]

Question 36

What are cognitive control processes?

Answer 36

problem solving, reasoning, planning, monitoring, self correction

Question 37

Where are strategies for memory encoding and retrieval developed and implemented?

Answer 37

Frontal lobes

Question 38

Where are contextual details of memories stored?

Answer 38

DLPF

Question 39

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

Answer 39

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 40

Where are mamillary bodies?

Answer 40

Component of hypothalamus

Question 41

What is dorsal medial nuclei of thalamus involved in?

Answer 41

Deficits in selecting appropriate information to be retrieved

Question 42

What is intralaminar/midline nuclei of thalamus involved in?

Answer 42

deficits in memory, memory retrieval

Question 43

What is ion released into cell in excitatory synapse?

Answer 43

Sodium

Question 44

What is released in an inhibitory synapse?

Answer 44

Potassium

Question 45

What does LTP cause?

Answer 45

More receptors to be added to post synaptic cell

Question 46

What are the long term synaptic changes in LTP?

Answer 46

Increased sensitivity of receptors to glutamate Increased amount of glutamate released by pre-synaptic cell Protein synthesis in post-synaptic dendrites

Question 47

Where is LTP most likely to occur?

Answer 47

Hippocampus, entorhinal cortex

Question 48

What do postsynaptic receptors do?

Answer 48

Detect the presence of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

Question 49

What is the 'docking' of synaptic vesicles?

Answer 49

When clusters of protein molecules attach to other protein molecules in presynaptic membrane

Question 50

What opens the calcium channels in presynaptic membrane?

Answer 50

depolarisation of membrane by action potential

Question 51

What ions depolarise the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 51

Sodium [most important], Calcium

Question 52

What ions hyperpolarise the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 52

potassium

Question 53

what does depolarisation of postsynaptic cell cause?

Answer 53

EPSP

Question 54

What does hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic cell cause?

Answer 54

IPSP

Question 55

What does opening of chloride channels in postsynaptic cell do?

Answer 55

neutralises EPSPs