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Emotion Flashcards

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0
Q

What are three components of emotional response?

A

Behavioural, autonomic, hormonal

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1
Q

What are emotions?

A

Physiological changes and accompanying behaviours

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2
Q

What are behavioural components of emotional response?

A

Muscular movements that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them

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3
Q

What are autonomic responses?

A

Facilitate behaviours and provide mobilization of energy (through increased activity of sympathetic branch and decrease of parasympathetic branch)

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4
Q

What are hormonal components of emotional response?

A

Reinforce autonomic responses through epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
And through steroid hormones (adrenal cortex)

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5
Q

Where does integration of the behavioural, autonomic and hormonal components of emotion happen?

A

Amygdala

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6
Q

What are the three primary nuclei in the amygdala involved in emotion?

A

Lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, central nucleus

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7
Q

Where does the lateral nucleus receive info from?

A

The neocortex, incl ventromedial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, hippocampus

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8
Q

Where does lateral nucleus send info to?

A

Basal nucleus (and other parts of brain)

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9
Q

Where do lateral nucleus and basal nucleus send info to?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Central nucleus

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10
Q

What part of brain facilitates expression of aversive emotional stimuli?

A

Central nucleus of amygdala

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11
Q

What is impact of lesions on central nucleus of amygdala?

A

Reduced fear responses to threat
Reduced chance to develop ulcers
Reduced stress hormones

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12
Q

What does excitation of central nucleus of amygdala produce?

A

Physiological and behavioural signs of fear and agitation

Stress induced illnesses

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13
Q

What is a conditioned emotional response?

A

A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus
Usually includes behavioural, autonomic and hormonal physiological changes

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14
Q

What are the physiological changes caused by fear?

A

Heart rate and blood pressure increase
Muscles become tense
Adrenal glands produce epinephrine

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15
Q

Where do physical changes responsible for classical conditioning of CER occur?

A

Lateral nucleus

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16
Q

What happens to the conditioned emotional response if it is only paired with the conditioned stimulus (ie without aversive stimulus?)

A

Response is extinguished (not forgetting).

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17
Q

Where does inhibition of conditioned stimulus occur (in CER)?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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18
Q

What role does ventromedial prefrontal cortex play in CER?

A

Inhibition (extinguishing) of CR

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19
Q

What are two divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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20
Q

Where does sympathetic division of ANS come from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of spine

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21
Q

Where does parasympathetic division of ANS come from?

A

Sacral and cranial parts of spine

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22
Q

What part of ANS is involved with energy expenditure?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

What part of ANS is associated with energy conservation?

A

Parasympathetic

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24
Q

Where do axons of sympathetic neurons exit grey matter of spine?

A

Ventral roots

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25
Q

Which sympathetic preganglionic cells don’t form synapses in gangli?

A

Those connected to adrenal medulla

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26
Q

What does adrenal medulla resemble?

A

Sympathetic ganglia.

Connected to by preganglionic axons, secretory cells are v like post ganglionic sympathetic neurons

27
Q

What does parasympathetic division of ANS control?

A

Functions that occur during relaxed state
(Salivation, gastric and intestinal motility etc)
Deactivates energy system

28
Q

Describe neurons from parasympathetic division

A

Very long presynaptic axon, v short postsynaptic

29
Q

Describe role of amygdala in expression of emotion

A

Integrates the three responses to aversive stimuli (behavioural, autonomic, hormonal)

31
Q

What is augmented startle response?

A

Startle response - designed to protect organs in body.
Add element to aversive stimulus (eg light + shock) through CER
Creates greater startle response

32
Q

Where does augmented startle response happen

A

When input from amygdala connects with nucleus particularis pontis caudalis

33
Q

What does stimulation of amygdala produce?

A

Feeling of fear (only place that does)

34
Q

What do lesions of amygdala result in?

A

Less feeling of fear
Less augmented startle response
Less capacity for CER

35
Q

What part of brain is activated in CER?

A

Amygdala

36
Q

What part of brain is activated in extinguishing of CER?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What are the five forms of aggressive behaviour?

A 
Treat behaviour
Defensive behaviour
Submission
Predation
Within species and gender aggression
- all use diff parts of brain
38
Q

Describe pathway for aggression

A

Input from amygdala and hypothalamus goes to periaquaductal grey matter (PAG)

  • dorsal PAG –> defensive rage
  • ventral PAG –> predatory rage
39
Q

What do low levels of seratonin lead to?

A

Increased (unmoderated) levels of aggression

Small monkeys killed because they took on big monkeys

40
Q

What mediates within species aggression?

A

Androgen- sensitive neurons in medial pre-optic (MPA) area

41
Q

What does testosterone injected into MPA (medial pre-optic area) lead to?

A

Increased aggression in males

42
Q

What are two effects of testosterone

A

Organisation - testosterone ‘preps’ brain making it more sensitive to testosterone
Activation - aggressive behaviour stimulated by circulating testosterone

43
Q

What does early exposure to testosterone do?

A

increases sensitivity of subsequent activation response to testosterone

the earlier in development this occurs, the stronger the response

both males and females

44
Q

Describe interaction of alcohol and testosterone

A

increased alcohol increases testosterone [hence aggression]

45
Q

Describe role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion

A

appropriate emotional responses to complex situations

46
Q

What does damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex result in?

A

Reduces inhibitions and self-concerns
Become indifferent to consequences of actions
Pain no longer produces emotional response

47
Q

What are display rules?

A

Cultural rules that describe when and how we should show signs of particular emotions

48
Q

What are the three aspects of emotions?

A

Recognition
Experience
Expression

49
Q

Describe hemispheric specialisation of emotion

A

Left is for meaning

Right is for emotion

50
Q

Describe cultural relationships to emotion

A

Emotions expressed in universal ways

similarly across sighted and blind people

51
Q

What does brain damage to right hemisphere result in [re emotions]

A

Recognition of emotions

52
Q

Describe localisation of function through lesions [emotion]

A

Can recognise faces but not emotional expression
Can recognise emotional expression but not faces
Can recognise visual expression but not auditory expression

53
Q

Describe role of amygdala in recognition of emotions

A

Increase in activity related to fear, not happiness
Damage to amygdala impairs ability to recognise emotions
Restricted to visual component of emotional expression

54
Q

What are the two pathways in visual processing

A

Magnocellular - low frequency, low detail, emotional information
Parvocellular (visual cortex) - high frequency, fusiform facial recognition, detail, colour

55
Q

What is primary source of visual information to amygdala?

A

Subcortical input from colliculus and pulvinar [thalamus] - magnocellular. Source of emotional input.
Amygdala will recognise fear before it recognises object - speed of magnocellular system

56
Q

Describe blindsight

A

Where some blind people are able to recognise emotional expression

57
Q

Why are gaze cells necessary

A

If someone is looking angry, need to know if they are looking at you

58
Q

What do mirror cells do in emotion?

A

Mirror expression, tells you what emotion is being expressed

emerges from sensori-motor cortex

59
Q

Describe volitional facial paresis

A

Can’t do emotions when asked to smile; when smile naturally, muscles work

60
Q

Describe emotional facial paresis

A

Can force a smile

can’t do one when spontaneously smiling

61
Q

What do chimerical faces show?

A

That rhs responsible for emotion

[chimerical - mirrors rhs of face to lhs [creating composite face]]

62
Q

Describe James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Stimulus produces behavioural response; Feelings of emotions are produced by feedback to behaviours
Feeling is result of emotional response, not cause

63
Q

Describe Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Stimulus leads to cognitive appraisal which leads to simultaneous emotional, visceral and behavioural changes [eg thalamus sends signal simultaneously to cortex (feeling), viscera (arousal) and to skeletal muscles (action)

64
Q

How has James-Lange theory of emotion been supported?

A
  • Spinal transections lead to reduction in emotional intensity
  • Facial feedback - different emotional expressions lead to different autonomic activity [eg happiness = decreased heartrate, no change in skin temperature
67
Q

How do animals learn to be afraid?

A

Pair neutral stimulus with aversive stimulus

Bio psych (14 decks)

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