Sleep

Question 1

Examples of somnogens

Answer 1

ADENOSINE, prostaglandins, IL-1

Question 2

During REM sleep we find … waves in occipital lobe.

Answer 2

DELTA

Question 3

Adenosine accumulates, activating sleep promoting areas.
Adenosine decreases overnight, through sleep, so wake promoting areas start inhibiting sleep promoting areas.
This is known as…

Answer 3

FLIP-FLOP THEORY

Question 4

SOURCES OF STIMULATION FOR CIRCADIAN RYTHM, MELATONIN RELEASE, WAKEFULNESS:

Answer 4

Light, hunger, physical activity, social relations, stress.

Question 5

Sleep consists of … stages followed by a …stage

Answer 5

NON-REM, REM

Question 6

Sleep is measured with an …

Answer 6

HYPNOGRAM

Question 7

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Locus coeruleus with…

Answer 7

NOREPINEPHRINE

Question 8

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Raphe nuclei with…

Answer 8

SEROTONINE

Question 9

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Ventral tegmental area with…

Answer 9

DOPAMINE

Question 10

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Tuberomamillary nucleus with…

Answer 10

HISTAMINE

Question 11

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-PN, PPT and LTD nuclei

Answer 11

PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS: GLUTAMATE
PEDUNCULO-PONTINE TEGMENTAL AND LATERODORSAL TEGMENTAL: ACH and GABA

Question 12

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-BASAL FOREBRAIN

Answer 12

• Ach and glutamate
• GABA

Question 13

…. stimulate wake promoting areas and hunger activates them

Answer 13

HYPOTHALAMUS OREXINS

Question 14

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS
Ventral pathway goes to…

Answer 14

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 15

WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS
Dorsal pathway goes to…

Answer 15

Thalamus and cortex

Question 16

Main nt in NON-REM sleep regulation

Answer 16

GABA

Question 17

NON-REM SLEEP
… accumulate during wakefulness

Answer 17

SOMNOGENS

Question 18

NON-REM SLEEP
Main somnogen produced by ASTROCYTES

Answer 18

Adenosine

Question 19

NON-REM SLEEP
… inhibits ADENOSINE RECEPTORS q

Answer 19

Caffeine

Question 20

NON-REM SLEEP
… inhibits wake promoting areas with GABA and, at the same time, is also inhibited by wake promoting areas,

Answer 20

PREOPTIC AREA

Question 21

Non-REM SLEEP REGULATION is controlled by…

Answer 21

Somnogens (mainly Adenosine) and the PREOPTIC AREA.

Question 22

During … there is a decay in systemic homeostasis

Answer 22

REM SLEEP

Question 23

Muscle atonia is characteristic of…

Answer 23

REM SLEEP

Question 24

REM ON AREAS

Answer 24

Subcoeruleus nucleus through GLUTAMATE OR GABA

Question 25

REM OFF AREAS

Answer 25

• Ventrolateral and periaqueductal grey matter with GABA.

Question 26

…. inhibits second motor neurons causing MUSCLE ATONIA

Answer 26

Subcoeruleus

Question 27

CIRCADIAN CYCLE
W (opsins) ganglionar cells activate in the presence of light and project to …
Pineal gland releases … sending projections to wakefulness-promoting areas.

Answer 27

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
MELATONIN

Question 28

How many stages of the sleep/wake cycle do we have?

Answer 28

5: NONREM 1, NONREM2, NONREM 3, REM, AWAKE

Question 29

What stage does it represent? (EXAM)

Answer 29

WAKEFULNESS: ALPHA RYTHM
- Occipital location
- Eyes closed
- Alpha frequency: 8 to 12

Question 30

What stage do we see?

Answer 30

NON REM SLEEP 1
- Just a rapid eye movement
- Alpha RYTHM disappears (MAINLY)

Question 31

What stage do we see?

Answer 31

NONREM SLEEP 2
- Sleep spindles
- K complexes (those high waves)

Question 32

What stage do we see?

Answer 32

NONREM SLEEP 3
- More than 20% slow waves of high voltage.

Question 33

What stage do we see in the image?

Answer 33

REM
- EEG similar to wakefulness
- RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS

Question 34

How did this person sleep?

Answer 34

WELL
(3 to 5 cycles each night with nonrem and rem sleep)