Sleep Flashcards
Examples of somnogens
ADENOSINE, prostaglandins, IL-1
During REM sleep we find … waves in occipital lobe.
DELTA
Adenosine accumulates, activating sleep promoting areas.
Adenosine decreases overnight, through sleep, so wake promoting areas start inhibiting sleep promoting areas.
This is known as…
FLIP-FLOP THEORY
SOURCES OF STIMULATION FOR CIRCADIAN RYTHM, MELATONIN RELEASE, WAKEFULNESS:
Light, hunger, physical activity, social relations, stress.
Sleep consists of … stages followed by a …stage
NON-REM, REM
Sleep is measured with an …
HYPNOGRAM
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Locus coeruleus with…
NOREPINEPHRINE
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Raphe nuclei with…
SEROTONINE
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Ventral tegmental area with…
DOPAMINE
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-MONOAMINES
Tuberomamillary nucleus with…
HISTAMINE
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-PN, PPT and LTD nuclei
PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS: GLUTAMATE
PEDUNCULO-PONTINE TEGMENTAL AND LATERODORSAL TEGMENTAL: ACH and GABA
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS-BASAL FOREBRAIN
- Ach and glutamate
- GABA
…. stimulate wake promoting areas and hunger activates them
HYPOTHALAMUS OREXINS
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS
Ventral pathway goes to…
HYPOTHALAMUS
WAKE PROMOTING PATHWAYS
Dorsal pathway goes to…
Thalamus and cortex
Main nt in NON-REM sleep regulation
GABA
NON-REM SLEEP
… accumulate during wakefulness
SOMNOGENS
NON-REM SLEEP
Main somnogen produced by ASTROCYTES
Adenosine
NON-REM SLEEP
… inhibits ADENOSINE RECEPTORS q
Caffeine
NON-REM SLEEP
… inhibits wake promoting areas with GABA and, at the same time, is also inhibited by wake promoting areas,
PREOPTIC AREA
Non-REM SLEEP REGULATION is controlled by…
Somnogens (mainly Adenosine) and the PREOPTIC AREA.
During … there is a decay in systemic homeostasis
REM SLEEP
Muscle atonia is characteristic of…
REM SLEEP
REM ON AREAS
Subcoeruleus nucleus through GLUTAMATE OR GABA
REM OFF AREAS
- Ventrolateral and periaqueductal grey matter with GABA.
…. inhibits second motor neurons causing MUSCLE ATONIA
Subcoeruleus
CIRCADIAN CYCLE
W (opsins) ganglionar cells activate in the presence of light and project to …
Pineal gland releases … sending projections to wakefulness-promoting areas.
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
MELATONIN
How many stages of the sleep/wake cycle do we have?
5: NONREM 1, NONREM2, NONREM 3, REM, AWAKE
What stage does it represent? (EXAM)
WAKEFULNESS: ALPHA RYTHM
- Occipital location
- Eyes closed
- Alpha frequency: 8 to 12
What stage do we see?
NON REM SLEEP 1
- Just a rapid eye movement
- Alpha RYTHM disappears (MAINLY)
What stage do we see?
NONREM SLEEP 2
- Sleep spindles
- K complexes (those high waves)
What stage do we see?
NONREM SLEEP 3
- More than 20% slow waves of high voltage.
What stage do we see in the image?
REM
- EEG similar to wakefulness
- RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS
How did this person sleep?
WELL
(3 to 5 cycles each night with nonrem and rem sleep)
