Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
1
Q
In the cortex we can find deep nuclei which are…
A
Cholinergic
2
Q
In basal ganglia of deep nuclei… we find STRIATUM and GLOBUS PALLIDUM
In dorsal striatum we find…
In globus pallidum we can do a distinction:
A
- caudate and putamen
- int renal and external
3
Q
In basal ganglia of deep nuclei… we find STRIATUM and GLOBUS PALLIDUM.
In ventral striatum we find…
A
N. Accumbens and olfactory tubercle
4
Q
In the basal forebrain nuclei we can distinguish…
A
Nucleus basal is of Myenert/Substantia innominata
Medial septal nuclei
Diagonal band of Broca
5
Q
A
6
Q
A
7
Q
A
8
Q
A
9
Q
A
10
Q
A
11
Q
A
12
Q
A
13
Q
A
14
Q
White matter in the cortex
A
- Intra-hemispheric association fibers
- Inter-hemispheric fibers: Corpus callosum, Anterior Commissure, Posterior and intrahabenular comissures and Hippocampal comissure
- Subcortical and spinal afferent and efferent fibers
15
Q
A
Corpus callosum
16
Q
A
17
Q
The thalamic radiations from the thalamus to the cortex will travel through the…
A
INTERNAL CAPSULE
18
Q
In CNS there is connective tissue (T/F)
A
False
19
Q
A
20
Q
… connects the two language areas in the left hemisphere.
A
ARCUATE FASCICULUS
21
Q
A
22
Q
Fibers going from the thalamus to the cortex and exiting the cortex pass through…
A
The internal capsule
23
Q
… pass through the anterior limb of the internal capsule
A
Thalamic radiations
24
Q
… pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule
A
Corticospinal pathway and thalamic radiations
25
A small lesion in the posterior limb of the internal capsule can cause damage to…
The corticospinal pathway.
26
27
Granular neurons which do not project far away are found in … cortical layers
II and IV
28
Long axons which project far away are found in … cortical layers
III and V
29
Neocortex and its layers
I Molecular layer
II External granular l.
III External pyramidal l.
IV Internal granular l.
V Internal pyramidal l.
VI Multiform layer
30
ARCHICORTEX
3 layers-Hippocampal formation
31
PALEOCORTEX
3 to 5 layers
Olfactory, entorhinal and peryamigdalar cortex
32
GREY MATTER
Granular cells are found in layers … of the cortex and they are …
2 and 4, interneurons
33
In layers 3 and 5 of the cortex we find … cells
Pyramidal
34
Interneurons of layers …. connect with neurons from layers … which project out of the cortex.
2 and 4, 3 and 5
35
Sensory nuclei project specifically to layer … of the cortex
4
36
In layer 3 we also find…
Association fibers
37
38
Classification of the neocortex depending on the area of the brain
39
The motor cortex is a …. layer of the neocortex
Heterotypical agranular
40
Areas of the neocortex in which the 6 typical layers are distinguishable
HOMOTYPICAL AREAS
41
Areas of the neocortex with a huge developed layer 4
HETEROTYPICAL GRANULAR AREAS
42
Areas of the neocortex with almost no layer 4 and large pyramidal cells
HETEROTYPICAL AGRANULAR AREAS
43
Primary sensory nuclei will project into…
HETEROTYPICAL GRANULAR CORTICAL AREAS
44
Motor areas will derive from… cortical areas
HETEROTYPICAL AGRANULAR
45
- Agranular = … cortex. Originate the descending pathway
- Granular = … cortex. Area for projections from primary nuclei in the thalamus
- Something in between =…, receiving projections from the association nuclei in the thalamus. They integrate info from primary or secondary areas, and have a different structure
- motor
-sensory
-association cortices
46
The parcellation of the cerebral cortex attending to cytoarchitectonic pattern is called
BRODMANN AREAS
47
48
49
50
51
52
The classical language areas are…
BROCA AND WERNICKE
53
CLINICAL CASE
67 year-old patient with sudden loss of vision in both eyes. He says he does not see anything.
The exam confirms a binocular loss of vision, but with preserved direct and consensual pupillary reflexes. The nasopalpebral, corneal and threat reflexes are also present. The rest of the physical exam is normal
The patient has lost vision because of a lesion in the occipital region (which controls vision). The fact that the patient still has reflexes is because those are controlled in the brainstem (III CN)
54
PUPILLARY REFLEX SCHEME
55
CLINICAL CASE
Cronic alcohol abuser male patient, admitted to the hospital for drunkenness.Does not collaborate.
The physical exam shows that he can not name the objects placed in his left hand, but he can name those placed in his right hand. He can not make signs with his left hand when told, but he makes them correctly with his right hand. The difficulty disappears if he looks at his hand. Thermoalgesic, tactile and proprioceptive sensations are normal.
The patient presents a lesion in CORPUS CALLOSUM, there is a problem in white matter connecting somatosensory and motor cortex.
(You touch the object without looking at it and you do not know how to name it).
56
Derivative of archicortex
HIPPOCAMPUS
57
PALEOCORTEX is related to…
OLFACTION
58
Internal capsule fibers will form the …. tracts, descending they will form the … in the midbrain, and the … in the medulla.
Corticospinal and corticonuclear, crus cerebri, pyramids.
