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NEUROLOGY > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

Bundles of axons mielinated in the brainstem along the same route but without connective tissue are called…

A

Funiculae, bundles, pathways or tracts.

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2
Q

Pathways or tracts in the brainstem…

A

Come from the same place, they arrive to the same place and they carry the same type of information.
THEY HAVE A SPECIFIC PLACE IN EVERYONE

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3
Q

To make relay means to…

A

Make synapse

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4
Q

Nuclei in the brainstem may be associated with…

A

CRANIAL NERVES

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5
Q

The brain –as the spinal cord‐ is also …. organized

A

metamerically

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6
Q

The ventral aspect of the rostrohindbrain is mainly covered by…

A

PONTINE REGION

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7
Q
A

Pons

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8
Q
A

Medulla, subarachnoid space

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Which information is entering at the level of the brainstem?

A

Information from the head and neck.

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11
Q

The brain –as the spinal cord‐ is also …. organized Segments or neuromeres (metameric brain units) in the rhombencephalon are called …

A

Metamerically, rhombomeres

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12
Q

Pontine regions come from the…

A

Rhombenecephalon

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13
Q

On the basis of molecular regionalization there is a … hindbrain

A

Rostral and caudal

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14
Q

Prepontine, pontine and retropontine region come from the …

A

Rostral Hindbrain

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15
Q

Medulla oblongata comes from the …

A

Caudal hindbrain

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16
Q

Nuclei in the brainstem are located in the …

A

TEGMENTUM

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17
Q
A
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Functional segregation within the neural tube
• Neurons located in the basal plate give rise to … neurons
• Neurons from the alar plate will be recipients of … information

A
  • motor
  • sensory
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20
Q

…: border between alar and basal plates, and later in development, between the dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) horns of the spinal cord

A

Sulcus limitans

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21
Q

The brainstem also has a functional segregation consisting of … plate derivatives

A

alar and basal

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22
Q

In the medulla and midbrain, sensory nuclei will be … and motor ones will be …, whereas in the pons, motor nuclei will be located …, and sensory ones …

A
  • dorsal, ventral
  • medially, laterally
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23
Q

Which type of orientation is this one?

A

Anatomical

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24
Q

Which type of orientation is this one?

A

Clinical

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25
Q

Medulla parts

A
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26
Q

Name the structure and what is marked

A

Medulla and inferior olives

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27
Q

Name these structures

A

Cerebellum and medulla

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28
Q

Name these structures

A
  1. TEGMENTUM
  2. Basilar pons
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29
Q

Bundles of fibers that connect pons to cerebellum:

A

CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Midbrain parts

A
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32
Q

Which structure is this? Which parts are marked?

A

Midbrain
1. Rectum
2. Interpeduncular fossa

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

To which part corresponds each image? Name the structures

A

A. Medulla
B. Pons
C. Midbrain

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35
Q

The roof of the midbrain is formed by the…

A

Tectum (superior and inferior colliculli)

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36
Q

The ventral part of the midbrain is known as…

A

CRUS CEREBRI

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37
Q

The corticospinal tract descends through the … of the medulla

A

Pyramids

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38
Q

Medulla starts at the level of the … and extends rostrally until the…

A

Foramen magnum, inferior margin of the basilar pons

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39
Q

Pons starts from… and extends till…

A

Inferior margin, superior margin of the basilar pons

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40
Q

Midbrain starts from… and finishes at the…

A

Th superior margin, superior colliculli (of the tectum), towards the mamillary bodies

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41
Q

Along the ventral surface of the basilar portion of the pons, courses the….

A

Basilar artery

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42
Q

The pons is connected to the cerebellum by…

A

Cerebellar peduncles (formed by axons connecting the pons to the cerebellum).

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43
Q

Oculomotor ane Edinger-Westphal nuclei are located in the …

A

TEGMENTUM of the midbrain

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44
Q

Sensory structures in the midbrain are located in the…

A

Tectum

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45
Q

In the cerebral pedunculi of the midbrain we find…

A

Substantia nigra and crus cerebri (through which the corticospinal tract passes)

46
Q

Corticospinal tract passes trough the… in the midbrain, and though the … in the medulla

A

Crus cerebri, pyramids

47
Q

Most of the CN exit via the ventral aspect of the brain except from the…

A

TROCHLEAR NERVE (IV), which exits dorsally, but it then comes anterior turning around the brainstem to innervate the superior oblique. It courses through the cavernous sinus.

48
Q

We see the …. CN originating under the inferior collicullus.

A

TROCHLEAR (IV)

49
Q

Vibration, proprioception and fine touch are carried by the … pathway

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

50
Q

Which ascending pathway has fast-conducting, large diameter fibers?

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

51
Q

Somatotopic organization posterior ascending pathway through spine

A

Leg medial, arm lateral

52
Q

Topographic organisation medial lemniscus

A

Lower limbs lateral, upper limbs medial

53
Q

1st synapse of the posterior ascending pathway occurs in…

A

Gracile (leg) and cuneate (arm) nucleus

54
Q

2nd synapse of the posterior ascending pathway occurs in… thalamus

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of

55
Q

3rd synapse of the posterior column pathways occurs in…

A

The sensory cortex

56
Q

Name these parts an the spinal pathway in which they are found

A

Posterior ascending pathway. They decussate in the medulla of the brainstem.

57
Q

Complete the scheme and name the pathway

A

Posterior ascending pathway

58
Q

Gross touch and thermoalgesic sensation is detected by the …. Spinal pathway

A

Anterior ascending

59
Q

Poorly myelinated or unmyelinated fibers and slow conduction are characteristic of… spinal pathway

A

Anterolateral ascending

60
Q

Spinal synapse takes place in… spinal pathway

A

Anterolateral ascending

61
Q

Somatotopic organisation in anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

A

Lower limbs lateral, upper limbs medial

62
Q

Cortex Somatotopic organization

A

Lower limbs medial cortex, upper limbs lateral cortex

63
Q

Main tract in anterolateral system

A

Spinothalamic tract

64
Q

Decussation of the anterolateral system occurs in…

A

The anterior white comissure

65
Q

Fibers that go from the thalamus to the cortex are called….

A

Thalamocortical fibers (posterior ascending pathway)

66
Q

The corticospinal tract passes through the … of the midbrain

A

Crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles)

67
Q

Cortico spinal pathway passes through the … of the pons

A

Pontine nuclei (basilar pons)

68
Q

Corticospinal tract passes through the … of the medulla

A

Pyramids

69
Q

Decussation of the corticospinal tract occurs in…

A

The medulla-spinal cord juncture (decussation of pyramids)

70
Q

The second synapse of the corticospinal pathway occurs in…

A

Anterior horn spinal cord

71
Q

Esquema ascending pathways

A
72
Q

Esquema descending pathway

A
73
Q

Recap of the brainstem

A
74
Q

The anterolateral system ascends … to the inferior olive

A

Lateral and superior

75
Q
A
76
Q

The corticonuclear tract goes to…

A

CN nuclei in the brainstem

77
Q

The corticopontine fibers go to…

A

Cerebellum

78
Q

Trigeminothalamic pathways convey…

A

Somatosensory info from the face

79
Q

Info gathered about propioception, fine touch and vibration from the face makes its first synapse in the…

A

PRINCIPAL SENSORY NUCLEUS

80
Q

The info about oral cavity travels … through the trigeminothalamic fibers after making a first synapse in the…

A

Dorsomedial, principal sensory nucleus

81
Q

Info conveyed about pain, gross touch and temperature makes its first synapse in the…

A

Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal

82
Q

The second synapse of the trigeminothalamic fibers is done in the…

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus

83
Q

Complete this scheme about the trigeminothalamic tracts

A
84
Q

Make a scheme of the trigeminothalamic pathway

A
85
Q

Fibers of the trigeminothalamic pathway (specifically info about propioception, fine touch and vibration), are inverted in the…

A

Principal sensory nucleus

86
Q

Para el cierre rápido de la mandíbula, se lleva a cabo el jaw-jerk reflex (monosynaptic reflex), donde solo encontramos una neurona aferente y una eferente. Su sinapsis se hace en…

A

MESENCEPHALIC NUCLEUS OF CN V

87
Q

Complete this image about the trigeminal ascending pathways

A
88
Q

MESENCEPHALIC nucleus and tract scheme

A
89
Q
A
90
Q

CORTICONUCLEAR TRACT is responsible for the … innervation to the motor nucleus of the V and superior half of the facial nucleus

A

BILATERAL

91
Q

The CORTICONUCLEAR TRACT is responsible for the …. innervation of the inferior half of the facial nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal nucleus.

A

Contralateral

92
Q

The corticonuclear tract is responsible for the… innervation of the cervical spinal cord for XI.

A

Ipsilateral

93
Q

Innervation of the facial nucleus

A

bilateral to the upper half of the face, only contralateral to the lower half

94
Q

Why does the first man have a parcial paralysis and the second one a central paralysis?

A

In A there has been a lesion in the corticonuclear fibers that go to the facial nucleus, in B the lesion is in the root of the facial nerve.
La X grande indica la localización de la lesión.
(The FACIAL NUCLEUS has bilateral superior innervation and contralateral inferior innervation)
A is a central lesion (between upper neuron and nucleus)
It still receives Ipsilateral innervation from the other nucleus.
B is a peripheral lesion, BELL’S PALSY, lesion is after the nucleus.

95
Q

If there is a lesion in the corticonuclear right fibers to the nucleus ambiguus and the hypoglossal nucleus, there would be a deviation of the tongue to the…

A

LEFT
(contralateral innervation)

96
Q

Brainstem reticular (scattered) formation can be…

A

Parvocellular (smaller) and magnocellular (larger)

97
Q

Lateral reticular formation function

A

generation of simples motor patterns and brainstem reflexes (chewing)

98
Q

Medial (central) reticular formation function

A

Postural control: reticulospinal tracts

99
Q

Median reticular formation function

A

Pain control (antinociception) - Raphe nuclei
(SEROTONERGIC)

100
Q

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) function

A

conscious state, sleep‐ wake cycle (Daergic, cholinergic, etc.)
DOPAMINERGIC (nuclei that control behavioural states)

101
Q

Paramedian reticular formation functional

A

Control of eye movements (gaze centers)

102
Q
A
103
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Axonal arborization of a neuron from the rat reticular formation

104
Q

Autonomic fibers arise… to the sulcus limitans

A

The closest

105
Q

In the brainstem, somatic motor nuclei are located close to the…

A

Midline

106
Q

In the brainstem, visceral motor nuclei are located…

A

Close to the sulcus (medially)

107
Q

In the brainstem, visceral sensory nuclei are located close to the…

A

Sulcus, laterally

108
Q

In the brainstem, somatic sensory nuclei are located…

A

Most kateral

109
Q

Special sensory nuclei (vestibular and cochlear nuclei) are located … in the brainstem

A

Dorsal and lateral

110
Q

The corticonuclear tract travels trough the … of the thalamus and in the crus cerebri (midbrain) travels … to the corticospinal tract

A

Internal capsule, medially

111
Q

Peripheral and central lesion of hypoglossal nerve

A

NEUROLOGY (27 decks)

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