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PSYC 2240 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the time frame for a circannual rhythm? Example?

A

yearly

migratory cycles of birds

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2
Q

What is the time frame for a circadian rhythm? Example?

A

daily

humans sleep-wake cycle

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3
Q

What is the time frame for a ultradian rhythm? Example?

A

less than a day

human eating cycle

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4
Q

What is the time frame for a infradian rhythm? Example?

A

more than a day

human menstrual cycle

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5
Q

What are circadian rhythms based on?

A

internal and external factors

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6
Q

What are the fluctuations in circadian rhythms?

A

endogenous (growing or originating from within an organism)

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7
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

just above the optic chiasm

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8
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body

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9
Q

Exposure to what can disrupt circadian rhythm?

A

anthropogenic lighting (light pollution) (anthropogenic means manmade)

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10
Q

What can disruptions in circadian rhythm lead to?

A

accidents, daytime fatigue, alterations in emotional states, obesity, diabetes

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11
Q

What controls how much melatonin is produced?

A

SCN

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12
Q

How long does it take for your body to adjust from jet lag?

A

takes a day for an hour adjustment (is time diff is 3 hours, will take 3 days)

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13
Q

What tells our brain to stop producing melatonin?

A

sunlight (bright light)

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14
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A

net of nuclei and nerve fibers located in the brainstem, plays role in wakefulness state

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15
Q

What two pathways does the RAS influence?

A
  1. cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain -> cortex
  2. seratonergic neurons in median raphe of midbrain -> cortex
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16
Q

What pathway influenced by the RAS results in waking beta rhythm EEG; alert but immobile?

A

cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain to cortex

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17
Q

What pathway influenced by the RAS results in waking beta rhythm EEG; alert and moving?

A

seratonergic neurons in median raphe of midbrain to cortex

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18
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in REM sleep?

A

peribrachial area, medial pontine reticular formation (peribrachial area is higher and further toward back of brainstem)

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19
Q

The MPRF sends projections to what? What REM symptoms do they cause?

A
  1. basal forebrain (beta rhythm)
  2. brainstem motor nuclei (twitches & eye movments)
  3. spinal motor neurons (atonia)
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20
Q

How many hours should newborns sleep?

A

14-17

21
Q

How many hours should toddlers sleep?

A

11-14

22
Q

How many hours should adolescents sleep?

A

8-10

23
Q

How many hours should adults sleep?

A

7-9

24
Q

What are some situations where adults may need to sleep more?

A

if they are pregnant, sick, engaged in physical activity

25
Q

What is used to measure sleep stages?

A

EEG (brain activity), EOG (eye movement), EMG (muscle movement)

26
Q

What are the two broad categories of sleep?

A

REM sleep and non REM sleep (R sleep and N sleep)

27
Q

What is indicative of R sleep?

A

faster brain wave patterns, muscle twitches, inhibitory messages sent to spinal cord, body temp regulation stops working

28
Q

What is indicative of N sleep?

A

slower brain waves, larger amplitudes, body temp/heart rate/blood flow is decreased, growth hormones increases, tossing/turning/sleepwalking

29
Q

What are some characteristics of waking state?

A

alert -> drowsy, fast frequency waves with a low amplitude, EMG and EOG activity, alpha rhythms when relaxed with eyes shut

30
Q

What are some characteristics of N1 sleep?

A

sleep onset, low amplitude/mixed frequency waves (theta), some EMG and EOG activity

31
Q

What are some characteristics of N2 sleep?

A

asleep but easily woken up, theta waves with periodic sleep spindles and K complexes

32
Q

What are some characteristics of N3 sleep?

A

deep sleep and hard to wake up, delta waves, EMG activity and no EOG activity

33
Q

What are some characteristics of REM sleep?

A

periods of stillness and twitching, beta rhythm, EMG inactive (atonia), EOG active

34
Q

How often does sleep cycle repeat?

A

about every 90 minutes

35
Q

As you age how does the time spent in the sleep stages change?

A

rem sleep decreases, waking increases, n sleep decreases a little

36
Q

What part of memory is REM sleep associated with?

A

memory consolidation

37
Q

What are some symptoms of REM behaviour disorder?

A

vivid dreamer, movement (kicking, jumping out of bed, flailing etc), vocal, able to remmeber dream if awoken in middle

38
Q

What is restless leg syndrome?

A

twitching and kicking of leg when sleeping

39
Q

What are the symptoms of insomnia?

A

difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, excessive daytime sleepiness

40
Q

What are some symptoms of shift work sleep disorder?

A

issues with falling asleep, staying asleep and sleepiness at unwanted times

41
Q

What are some symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden loss of muslce tone (catplexy), enter rem sleep early, hallucinations when falling asleep or waking up

42
Q

What is the freudian perspective for why we dream?

A

unfulfillment of unconscious wishes

43
Q

What is the jungian perspective for why we dream?

A

represents the collective unconscious

44
Q

What is the contemporary perspective for why we dream?

A

no meaning/random, biologically adaptive coping strategy

45
Q

What is a free running rhythm?

A

Rhythm of body’s own devising in the absence of external curs

46
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

Any external or environmental cue that synchs a organisms biological rhythm

47
Q

What are orexins? What are they also called?

A

Signaling molecule to maintain wakefulness, hypocretin

48
Q

What are chronotypes?

A

Body’s natural preference for sleep wake cycle

PSYC 2240 (12 decks)

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