Sleep Flashcards
What is the time frame for a circannual rhythm? Example?
yearly
migratory cycles of birds
What is the time frame for a circadian rhythm? Example?
daily
humans sleep-wake cycle
What is the time frame for a ultradian rhythm? Example?
less than a day
human eating cycle
What is the time frame for a infradian rhythm? Example?
more than a day
human menstrual cycle
What are circadian rhythms based on?
internal and external factors
What are the fluctuations in circadian rhythms?
endogenous (growing or originating from within an organism)
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?
just above the optic chiasm
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body
Exposure to what can disrupt circadian rhythm?
anthropogenic lighting (light pollution) (anthropogenic means manmade)
What can disruptions in circadian rhythm lead to?
accidents, daytime fatigue, alterations in emotional states, obesity, diabetes
What controls how much melatonin is produced?
SCN
How long does it take for your body to adjust from jet lag?
takes a day for an hour adjustment (is time diff is 3 hours, will take 3 days)
What tells our brain to stop producing melatonin?
sunlight (bright light)
What is the reticular activating system?
net of nuclei and nerve fibers located in the brainstem, plays role in wakefulness state
What two pathways does the RAS influence?
- cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain -> cortex
- seratonergic neurons in median raphe of midbrain -> cortex
What pathway influenced by the RAS results in waking beta rhythm EEG; alert but immobile?
cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain to cortex
What pathway influenced by the RAS results in waking beta rhythm EEG; alert and moving?
seratonergic neurons in median raphe of midbrain to cortex
What areas of the brain are involved in REM sleep?
peribrachial area, medial pontine reticular formation (peribrachial area is higher and further toward back of brainstem)
The MPRF sends projections to what? What REM symptoms do they cause?
- basal forebrain (beta rhythm)
- brainstem motor nuclei (twitches & eye movments)
- spinal motor neurons (atonia)
How many hours should newborns sleep?
14-17
How many hours should toddlers sleep?
11-14
How many hours should adolescents sleep?
8-10
How many hours should adults sleep?
7-9
What are some situations where adults may need to sleep more?
if they are pregnant, sick, engaged in physical activity
What is used to measure sleep stages?
EEG (brain activity), EOG (eye movement), EMG (muscle movement)
What are the two broad categories of sleep?
REM sleep and non REM sleep (R sleep and N sleep)
What is indicative of R sleep?
faster brain wave patterns, muscle twitches, inhibitory messages sent to spinal cord, body temp regulation stops working
What is indicative of N sleep?
slower brain waves, larger amplitudes, body temp/heart rate/blood flow is decreased, growth hormones increases, tossing/turning/sleepwalking
What are some characteristics of waking state?
alert -> drowsy, fast frequency waves with a low amplitude, EMG and EOG activity, alpha rhythms when relaxed with eyes shut
What are some characteristics of N1 sleep?
sleep onset, low amplitude/mixed frequency waves (theta), some EMG and EOG activity
What are some characteristics of N2 sleep?
asleep but easily woken up, theta waves with periodic sleep spindles and K complexes
What are some characteristics of N3 sleep?
deep sleep and hard to wake up, delta waves, EMG activity and no EOG activity
What are some characteristics of REM sleep?
periods of stillness and twitching, beta rhythm, EMG inactive (atonia), EOG active
How often does sleep cycle repeat?
about every 90 minutes
As you age how does the time spent in the sleep stages change?
rem sleep decreases, waking increases, n sleep decreases a little
What part of memory is REM sleep associated with?
memory consolidation
What are some symptoms of REM behaviour disorder?
vivid dreamer, movement (kicking, jumping out of bed, flailing etc), vocal, able to remmeber dream if awoken in middle
What is restless leg syndrome?
twitching and kicking of leg when sleeping
What are the symptoms of insomnia?
difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, excessive daytime sleepiness
What are some symptoms of shift work sleep disorder?
issues with falling asleep, staying asleep and sleepiness at unwanted times
What are some symptoms of narcolepsy?
excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden loss of muslce tone (catplexy), enter rem sleep early, hallucinations when falling asleep or waking up
What is the freudian perspective for why we dream?
unfulfillment of unconscious wishes
What is the jungian perspective for why we dream?
represents the collective unconscious
What is the contemporary perspective for why we dream?
no meaning/random, biologically adaptive coping strategy
What is a free running rhythm?
Rhythm of body’s own devising in the absence of external curs
What is a zeitgeber?
Any external or environmental cue that synchs a organisms biological rhythm
What are orexins? What are they also called?
Signaling molecule to maintain wakefulness, hypocretin
What are chronotypes?
Body’s natural preference for sleep wake cycle
