Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the brain’s functions?
receives info about the world, integrates the info, and then produces behaviour
What is the difference between efferent and afferent nerves?
afferent carries signals to the CNS, and efferent carries signals away from the CNS
Are sensory pathways afferent or efferent? What about motor pathways?
sensory is afferent, motor is efferent
What is neural plasticity?
brain volume can change in response to experiences, and the connectivity between certain neurons can also change over time
What is the difference between dorsal and ventral?
dorsal is from the top and ventral is from the bottom
What is the difference between lateral and medial?
lateral is towards the sides, medial is closer to the middle
What is rostral vs caudal when talking about the brain mean?
rostral (means beak) is part of the brain near the front, caudal (means tail) is part of the brain near the back
What is anterior vs posterior?
anterior is at the front and posterior is the back
What do coronal sections of the brain look like?
vertical cuts of the brain, shows the front of structures in the brain
What do horizontal sections of the brain look like?
horizontal cuts of the brain, shows the dorsal view of structures in the brain
What do sagittal sections of the brain look like?
splitting the brain in half down the middle, shows medial view of the brain
What is the function of the meninges?
they protect the CNS
What are the layers of the meninges?
dura mater (hard outermost layer), arachnoid (middle layer, looks like spider web), pia mater (soft innermost layer)
What is meningitis?
bacteria reaches the dura mater and releases a toxin which causes nerve cells to release CGRP which disables immune cells, dangerous infection of meninges
What is the difference between the gyrus and sulcus?
gyri is the outer folds of brain, sulci is the inner folds of brain
What is sulcus vs fissure?
fissure is a big groove which separates parts of brain
What are the four lobes of the brain?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
What does the frontal lobe do?
voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
What does parietal lobe do?
helps integrate and percept sensory information
What does occipital lobe do?
helps with vision
What does temporal lobe do?
deals with language and hearing
What is white matter vs grey matter?
white matter looks lighter than grey matter, white matter neurons axons have a myelin sheath, grey matter is mostly cell bodies, white matter is on the inside of grey matter
What is the corpus callosum?
bridge of neurons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
What are ventricles in the brain? How many are there?
they are filled with cerebral spinal fluid and act like a cushion for the brain and they help keep the brain buoyant
there are four ventricles in the brain
What is the midline of the brain? What structures straddle it?
a fissure down the center of the brain that divides the two hemispheres
3rd and 4th ventricles and the pineal gland
What are the three major arteries of the brain? Where are they generally located?
anterior cerebral artery (at the top of the brain), middle cerebral artery (the middle lateral part of the brain), posterior cerebral artery (bottom of the brain)
Why are knowing the locations of the major arteries of the brain important in case of strokes?
lets us know which areas of the brain will be affected by a stroke
What are the two types of strokes?
ischemic strokes (narrowing of blood vessels by clot), hemorrhagic strokes (rupturing of blood vessel)
What is the blood brain barrier?
surrounds and protects the CNS, helps maintain a constant environment for your brain
What does the blood brain barrier allow to diffuse?
small hydrophobic molecules (O2, some hormones, CO2) and lipid soluble molecules (heroin, cannabis, anti-depressants, vitamins)
What is the blood brain barrier made up of?
endothelial cells, pericytes, capillary basement membrane, and astrocyte end feet which bring nutrients to cells
What are the parts of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system
What are the parts of the somatic nervous system?
cranial nerves, spinal nerves
What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
What is the enteric nervous system?
regulates the gut