Disorders Flashcards
What is clinical neuroscinece?
Specialty in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system
What were behavioural disorders traditionally classified as?
social, psychological, psychiatric, neurological
In the US how many people have a diagnosable mental condition?
1 in about 4 people
What are the three classification systems for mental health?
ICD-10 (most popular worldwide), DSM (most popular in north america), RDoC (made to unify mental health research)
What are the 6 causes of abnormal brain function?
genetic error, epigenetic mechanisms, progressive cell death, rapid cell death, loss of neural functions and connections, life stress
What is the cause of Tay-Sachs disease?
genetic error
What is the cause of androgential syndrome?
hormonal
What is the cause of Korsakoff syndrome?
poor nutrtition
How are behavioural disorders treated?
adjusting environmental factors and adressing the symptoms
What are some examples of treatments for behavioural disorders?
psychotherapy (CBT), cognitive remediation, Behavior modification approcahes, modifiyng lifestyl
What are psychiatric disroders typically linked to?
altered structure/function of the brain (injury, lesions, volume, avail. of neurotransmitters, functional recruitment)
What are the 6 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the DSM?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour/excessive agitation, catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms
What are examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
absence of something in normal people (less speaking, less goal oreintated beahvior, less emotions)
What is the concordance of shizophrenia in identical twins?
80% (high)
When does schizophrenia usually develop?
late teens-early 20s for men, late 20’s to early 30’s women
What are some brain features that are associated with schizophrenia?
enlarged ventricles and a thinner cortex, loss of gray matter especially in medial temporal and frontal cortex, metabolic changes in places (prefrontal), excessive pruning of short distance cortical connection in development, abnormal dendrtiic fields
What are some examples of the neurochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia?
dopamine and many other neurochemcial changes
What is major depressive disorder (MDD)?
persistently low mood, loss of itnerest in activities that made you happy, can also be episodic
What is bipolar disorder?
cycling through manic and depressed states (can last weeks to months)
What is cyclothymic disorder?
switches between manic and depressed but much more frequently
What are some examples of mood disroders?
MDD, Bipolar 1, bipolar 2, cyclothymic disorder, premenstural dysphoric disorder
What does cognitive behavioural therapy focus on?
challenging the person’s beliefs and perceptions, Identifies dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs that accompany negative emotions and
replaces them with more realistic ones
What are some examples of neuroinflamattion treatments?
antidepressant drugs, ketamine
What are some types of anxiety disorders?
generalized anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD, PTSD, phobias
What are some pharmological treatments for anxiety disorders?
benzodiazopenes used to be common, now antidepressants that act on serotonin and noradrenaline
What does the HPA axis do?
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal circuit, controls the production and release of hormones due to stress (cortisol)
What can excessive cortisol do?
damage the feedback loops used to turn off the stress respone
When corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted what happens?
pituitary is stimulated which makes the adrenocorticotropic hormone
Why do brain injuries get more common in old age?
stroke, falling
What are some signs/symptoms of a concussion?
headache, loss of consciousness, confusion, dizziness, seeing stars, nausea
What is CTE?
Progressive degenerative
disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries
What is damage at the site of impact for a concussion called?
coup
What is contrecoup?
pressure/movment from the coup in a concussion causes furhter injury (brain bouncing around)
What are the types of neuroinflammation?
peripheral, acute, chronic
What are the two kinds of behavioural effects from a TBI?
Specific impairments may result from coup and/or contrecoup lesion, generalized impairments from widespread damage
TBI’s that damage which parts of the brain may effect personality/social behaviour?
frotnal and temporal
How long can recovery from head trauma take?
2-3 years or even longer (most cognitive recoveyr in first 6-9 months)
How do ischemic stroeks damage cells?
clot blocks blodd which is carrying glucose/oxygen, starves cells
How do hemoragghic strokes damage cells?
bleeding causes pressure which can dcause damage, also blood is not going where it needs to go so cells starve
What are focal seizures?
asynchronus, hyperactive local brain regions (may not have visible symptoms)
What are generalized seizures?
start at a focal lcoation then spread rapidly to distributed networks in both hemispheres
People who are having generalized seizures may ycle through what 4 stages?
- normal EEG before onset
- onset and tonic phase (stiff)
- clonic phase (jerking)
- depressed EEG after seizure
What is status epilecticus?
seizure that lasts more than 5 mins or more than 1 seizure without returning to normal state in 5 min period (medical emergency)
What is multiple sclerosis?
loss of myelin in motor and sensory neurons
What are some potential causes of MS?
bacterial infection, virus, environmental factors like pesticides, misfolded proteins etc
How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?
MRI, MS lesions look like dark patches around lateral ventricles and in white matter
What are some degenerative neurocognitive disroders?
alzheimer, parkinson, huntington, CTE, wilson disease, prion dementia
What are some nondegenerative neurocognitive disorders?
vascular dementia, infectious dementia, posttraumatic dementia, demyelinating dementia, korsakoff
What is post traumatic growht?
Ability to cope with and compensate for deficits resulting from brain injury and disease
What is posttraumatic apathy?
Condition characterized by diminished motivation and purposeful behavior following brain injury or disease
The most effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorder is?
CBT
