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PSGY1003 Biological Psychology > sleep > Flashcards

sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

identify three ways of measuring sleep

A

1/ electro-encephalogram (EEG) - head
2/ electro-oculogram (EOC) - eye
3/ electro-myogram (EMG) - neck

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2
Q

outline the stages of sleep

A

pre-sleep

stage 1

stage 2

stage 3

stage 4

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3
Q

describe the electrical activity that occurs in pre-sleep

A
  • alpha waves
  • bursts of 8-12Hz of activity
  • low amplitude
  • high frequency
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4
Q

describe what happens in stage 1 of sleep

A
  • amplitude starts to increase
  • frequency starts slowing down
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5
Q

describe what happens in stage 2 of sleep

A
  • sleep spindles
    1-2 second quick bursts of 12-14Hz waves
  • K complex
    sharp up and down deflection
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6
Q

describe what happens in stage 3 of sleep

A
  • frequencies progressively slower
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7
Q

describe what happens in stage 4 of sleep

A
  • very large amplitudes
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8
Q

how long does a sleep cycle last?

A

90 minutes

(from stage 1 - 4)

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9
Q

what is the first stage 1 called?

A

initial stage one

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10
Q

what are the subsequent stage 1’s called?

A

emergent stage 1

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11
Q

what is REM?

A

rapid eye movement

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12
Q

outline Dement (1978) findings into the stages of sleep

A
  • found 80% of those that woke up during REM sleep can recall their dream
  • found 93% of those that woke up during nREM = no dream recall
  • nREM (slow wave sleep) could only recall isolated experiences of the dream
  • REM dream could recall the narrative of the dream
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13
Q

identify 2 theories of sleep

A

1/ recuperation theories

2/ evolutionary theories

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14
Q

explain what recuperation theories of sleep are

A
  • idea that being awake disrupts homeostasis
  • when you sleep, homeostasis is restored
  • e.g.: sleep restores energy levels
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15
Q

explain what evolutionary theories of sleep are

A
  • idea that sleep has evolved in humans to prevent accidents and predation at night
  • suggests that sleep is not needed but we are motivated to have it
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16
Q

does sleep depend on species size?

A
  • no
  • sleep is not related to body size/temperature
  • it has been found that exercise has little/no effect on sleep duration in humans
    (Youngstedt & Kline, 2006)
17
Q

what theory of sleep is sleep in animals consistent with?

A
  • not consistent with recuperation theory
  • related to evolutionary theory

sleep in animals depends on two factors:
- how vulnerable you are asleep
- time spent eating during the day

18
Q

how is sleep deprivation explained by recuperation theory?

A
  • recuperation theory suggests that sleep deprivation increases physiological/behavioural disturbances
  • after deprivation, theory suggests missed sleep must be regained
19
Q

what did Cirelli (2006) find about sleep deprivation?

A
  • found sleep deprivation influences mood, physiological function, molecular function
  • consistent with recuperation theory as it demonstrates physiological/behavioural disturbances brought on by sleep deprivation
20
Q

outline findings from Dement (1978) that counters the recuperation theory

A
  • Randy Gardner kept awake for 260 hours
  • after 14 hours sleep = back to normal
21
Q

explain the effects of sleep deprivation in humans (with links to depression) (Vogel et al., 1975, 1990)

A
  • found that depressed people go into REM sleep very easily but it is very disturbed
  • preventing REM in depressed patients acts a an antidepressant
  • if you suppress REM sleep, people want it more
  • suppressing REM sleep and making body want it more regulates the irregular pattern of sleep that is seen in depressed people
22
Q

describe the effects of sleep deprivation in animals

A
  • after several days of sleep deprivation, animal died
  • post-mortem showed swollen adrenal glands, gastric ulcers, internal bleeding
23
Q

what brain areas are involved in sleep?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • reticular system
24
Q

explain the role of the hypothalamus in sleep

A
  • those who had difficulty sleeping had damage to anterior hypothalamus
  • those who had difficulty staying awake had damage to posterior region of hypothalamus
25
Q

explain the role of the reticular system in sleep

A
  • reticular system = near the brainstem
  • Cerveau isole transection = showed slow-wave sleep pattern
  • Encephale isole transection = showed Normal sleep-wake cycle

suggests that wakefulness area = somewhere between the two

  • found that stimulation of reticular system in sleeping cats, woke cats up
26
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

sudden urge to fall asleep during wakefulness

27
Q

what is core muscle atonia?

A

where muscles are fully relaxed

PSGY1003 Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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