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PSGY1003 Biological Psychology > neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

identify the 3 major divisions of the brain (encephalon)

A
  1. Forebrain
    PROSencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    MESencephalon
  3. Hindbrain
    RHOMBencephalon
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2
Q

identify the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain (prosencephalon)

A
  • telencephalon (‘end brain’)
  • diencephalon (‘interbrain’)
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3
Q

identify the principal structures of the telenchephalon

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
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4
Q

identify the principal structures of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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5
Q

identify the principal structures of the midbrain

A
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
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6
Q

identify the 2 subdivisions of the hindbrain

A
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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7
Q

identify the principal structures of the metencephalon

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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8
Q

identify the principal structure of the myelencephalon

A
  • medulla oblongata
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9
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

A
  • collection of nuclei (group of body cells)
  • contains:
    caudate nucleus
    putamen
    globus pallidus
  • responsible for motor movement, motor learning
  • BG manages signals brain sends to help move muscles
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10
Q

how are the caudate nucleus and the putamen referred to?

A

striatum

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11
Q

what does lesions to the basal ganglia cause?

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Huntington’s Disease
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12
Q

Explain Parkinson’s Disease in relation to the basal ganglia

A
  • rigidity and difficulty with voluntary movement
    due to degeneration of cells within the substantia nigra
  • degeneration of cells disrupts pathway to striatum
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13
Q

Explain Huntington’s Disease in relation to the basal ganglia

A
  • voluntary and disjointed movements
  • due to degeneration of neurons in the striatum itself
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14
Q

what structures are in the limbic system?

A
  • limbic cortex
  • hippocampus (located in temporal lobe)
    important for consolidating memory
    case study: HM
  • amygdala (located in temporal lobe)
  • fornix
  • mammillary bodies
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15
Q

what is the limbic system responsible for?

A
  • emotion
  • learning/memory
    particularly emotional memory and fear related behaviour
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16
Q

Outline the SM case study

A
  • had issues in the amygdala due to calcium build up
  • researchers took SM to various scary situations
  • found that SM showed no fear or anxiety
17
Q

what is the thalamus?

A
  • two lobes that are separated by massa intermedia
  • acts as a relay
  • receives sensory information and sends this to cortex
18
Q

identify the names of what the thalamus is further divided into

A
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
    receives fibres from retina and projects to visual cortex
  • medial geniculate nucleus
    gets information from inferior calculus and sends this to auditory cortex
  • ventrolateral nucleus

these nuclei receive input from particular sensory system and sends information to that cortex

19
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A
  • controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary beh.)
  • important for physiological processes
  • connected to pituitary gland which controls other parts of endocrine system
  • endocrine system is made up of glands that release hormones for metabolism, sleep, mood etc.
20
Q

what is the tectum?

A
  • contains superior colliculi
    this is important in visual processing
  • contains inferior colliculi
    this is important in auditory processing
21
Q

identify and explain the structures in the tegmentum

A

Reticular formation
- structure of grey and white matter
- important for sleep, arousal, attention and movement
- extends into hindbrain

Periaqueductal gray matter
- surrounds cerebral aqueduct in ventricular system
- important for species typical behaviour such as: mating and fighting

Red nucleus
- important for limb movement

Substantia nigra “black substance”
- important for initiating movement
- connected to basal ganglia

22
Q

what are pons?

A
  • located in the metencephalon
  • important in sleep and arousal
  • relays information from the cortex to the cerebellum
23
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A
  • located in the metencephalon
  • covered with a cortex
  • lots of foldings (lots of neurons)
  • has two hemispheres
  • contains about 6 billion neurons
  • 80% of neurons are in the cerebellum
  • important in coordination of movement
  • receives visual, auditory somatosensory, motor information and integrates all of this and modifies the motor output
24
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A
  • located in myelencephalon
  • important for regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration and skeletal muscle tonus

PSGY1003 Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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