neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards
identify the 3 major divisions of the brain (encephalon)
- Forebrain
PROSencephalon - Midbrain
MESencephalon - Hindbrain
RHOMBencephalon
identify the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain (prosencephalon)
- telencephalon (‘end brain’)
- diencephalon (‘interbrain’)
identify the principal structures of the telenchephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
identify the principal structures of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
identify the principal structures of the midbrain
- tectum
- tegmentum
identify the 2 subdivisions of the hindbrain
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
identify the principal structures of the metencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
identify the principal structure of the myelencephalon
- medulla oblongata
what are the basal ganglia?
- collection of nuclei (group of body cells)
- contains:
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus - responsible for motor movement, motor learning
- BG manages signals brain sends to help move muscles
how are the caudate nucleus and the putamen referred to?
striatum
what does lesions to the basal ganglia cause?
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Huntington’s Disease
Explain Parkinson’s Disease in relation to the basal ganglia
- rigidity and difficulty with voluntary movement
due to degeneration of cells within the substantia nigra - degeneration of cells disrupts pathway to striatum
Explain Huntington’s Disease in relation to the basal ganglia
- voluntary and disjointed movements
- due to degeneration of neurons in the striatum itself
what structures are in the limbic system?
- limbic cortex
- hippocampus (located in temporal lobe)
important for consolidating memory
case study: HM - amygdala (located in temporal lobe)
- fornix
- mammillary bodies
what is the limbic system responsible for?
- emotion
- learning/memory
particularly emotional memory and fear related behaviour
Outline the SM case study
- had issues in the amygdala due to calcium build up
- researchers took SM to various scary situations
- found that SM showed no fear or anxiety
what is the thalamus?
- two lobes that are separated by massa intermedia
- acts as a relay
- receives sensory information and sends this to cortex
identify the names of what the thalamus is further divided into
- lateral geniculate nucleus
receives fibres from retina and projects to visual cortex - medial geniculate nucleus
gets information from inferior calculus and sends this to auditory cortex - ventrolateral nucleus
these nuclei receive input from particular sensory system and sends information to that cortex
what is the hypothalamus?
- controls autonomic nervous system (involuntary beh.)
- important for physiological processes
- connected to pituitary gland which controls other parts of endocrine system
- endocrine system is made up of glands that release hormones for metabolism, sleep, mood etc.
what is the tectum?
- contains superior colliculi
this is important in visual processing - contains inferior colliculi
this is important in auditory processing
identify and explain the structures in the tegmentum
Reticular formation
- structure of grey and white matter
- important for sleep, arousal, attention and movement
- extends into hindbrain
Periaqueductal gray matter
- surrounds cerebral aqueduct in ventricular system
- important for species typical behaviour such as: mating and fighting
Red nucleus
- important for limb movement
Substantia nigra “black substance”
- important for initiating movement
- connected to basal ganglia
what are pons?
- located in the metencephalon
- important in sleep and arousal
- relays information from the cortex to the cerebellum
what is the cerebellum?
- located in the metencephalon
- covered with a cortex
- lots of foldings (lots of neurons)
- has two hemispheres
- contains about 6 billion neurons
- 80% of neurons are in the cerebellum
- important in coordination of movement
- receives visual, auditory somatosensory, motor information and integrates all of this and modifies the motor output
what is the medulla oblongata?
- located in myelencephalon
- important for regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration and skeletal muscle tonus
