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PSGY1003 Biological Psychology > cognitive neuropsychology of memory & visual perception > Flashcards

cognitive neuropsychology of memory & visual perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is episodic memory?

A
  • memory of specific events
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2
Q

what is semantic memory?

A
  • memory of facts
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3
Q

what is working memory?

A
  • short term memory
  • requires rehearsal
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4
Q

what is procedural memory?

A
  • motor memory
  • (like getting on a bike after 10 years of not riding a bike)
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5
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A
  • poor ability to acquire new information
  • information acquired before damage = in tact
  • declarative memory = episodic + semantic = impaired
  • non-declarative memory = perceptual + procedural = intact
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6
Q

what is the brain basis for anterograde amnesia?

A
  • hippocampus
  • related structures in medial temporal lobe
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7
Q

identify 2 causes and anterograde amnesia

A

1/ Korsakoff’s syndrome

2/ temporal lobe lobectomy

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8
Q

what causes Korsakoff syndrome?

A
  • thiamine (vitamin B deficiency)
  • due to alcoholism -> poor diet and impaired absorption of thiamine from intestine
  • produces bilateral degeneration of mammillary bodies (part of hypothalamus)
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9
Q

what is a temporal lobectomy?

A
  • for patients with uncontrollable seizures
  • bilateral removal of temporal lobes
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10
Q

outline the case of Patient HM

A
  • suffered major seizures
  • drugs failed to contain seizures
  • surgical removal of anterior hippocampal regions
  • pure deficits = IQ unaffected by surgery, no personality change
  • only side effect = issues with forming NEW memories (old memories in tact)
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11
Q

what memory problems did HM have?

A
  • complete absence of new episodic memories
  • could report date and age prior to operation
  • could not remember events or people after operation
  • formation of new semantic memory partially disrupted
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12
Q

what type of memory was still intact in HM?

A
  • working memory
  • unless constant rehearsal interrupted -> had normal digit span
  • rate of forgetting = normal
  • could hold convo
  • would forget convo happened
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13
Q

explain the mirror tracing task

A
  • ppts presented with two stars drawn inside each other
  • trace between the two lines of two stars
  • view blocked by mirror
  • asked to trace in between two lines
  • only way to see star is the reflection in the mirror
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14
Q

what did HM doing the mirror tracing task show?

A
  • everyday HM did task
  • HM forgot he did task
  • but HM made normal improvements on mirror tracing task
  • shows motor memory still in tact
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15
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A
  • loss of memory that is acquired BEFORE getting amnesia
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16
Q

what does the case of HM suggest about the role of the hippocampus?

A
  • suggests hippocampus does not store memories
  • old memories are preserved
  • may be that hippocampus enables consolidation of new memories which are stored elsewhere
17
Q

what type of amnesia did patient HM have?

A
  • temporally graded retrograde amnesia
  • old memories = ok
  • memories made immediately before lesion = lost
18
Q

how long does consolidation require?

(Marslen-Wilson & Teuber, 1975)

A
  • showed HM photos of celebrities
  • suggests retrograde amnesia spans decades
  • but more distant memories relatively preserved
19
Q

what is meant by dissociations?

A
  • where some parts of memory = in tact
  • other parts of memory = not in tact
  • can be seen where some tasks are impaired but other tasks are not
  • suggesting that tasks use different resources
20
Q

what type of memory is impaired and what type is spared in semantic dementia patients?

A
  • semantic memory = impaired
  • episodic memory = spared
21
Q

what do double dissociations studies show?

A
  • involves two anatomical patient groups with different lesions
  • repeated measures study with counterbalancing
  • different groups = better at different tasks
  • suggests different tasks rely on different brain structures
22
Q

what is visual agnosia?

A
  • impairment in recognising visually presented objects
23
Q

what does it mean that visual agnosia is modality specific?

A
  • patients with visual agnosia = able to name object through touch
24
Q

what is apperceptive agnosia?

A

unable to perceive full shape of object despite intact low level processing

25
Q

what is associative agnosia?

A
  • ability to perceive shape
  • inability to recognise it (name it)
26
Q

identify features of apperceptive agnosia?

A
  • inability to perceive full shape of object
  • intact low-level perception
  • intact visual acuity = ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and the details of objects at a given distance
  • brightness discrimination
  • unable to extract global structure
  • evidenced in impairment in drawing, copying, visual recognition
27
Q

identify features of associative agnosia

A
  • inability to perceive whole form of shapes
  • able to copy figure
  • cannot draw from verbal instruction
  • cannot recognise objects using vision
28
Q

outline a theoretical explanation for associative agnosia

A
  • damage to left occipital cortex
  • damage to white matter
  • disconnect between visual representation and language
29
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

inability to recognise faces visually

patients are able to tell that a picture shows a face

unable to say who the face belongs to, even family

can identify through voice, hairstyle

30
Q

what damage is involved in prosopagnosia?

A
  • fusiform gyrus
  • in inferior part of occipital/temporal lobe
  • usually right sided
31
Q

what does FFA stand for?

A

Fusiform Face Area

32
Q

what area of the brain is activated by faces in healthy adults?

A
  • fusiform gyrus
33
Q

what is unique to individuals faces?

A
  • the configuration of facial features
34
Q

what does face processing involve?

A
  • perception of configuration of facial features
  • perception of facial features
35
Q

what is the inversion effect?

A
  • phenomenon where identifying inverted faces = harder to recognise than upright faces
  • because configuration of features = difficult to process
  • only when faces presented right way up = notice the distortion –> we use our face processing mechanisms differently
36
Q

what does prosopagnosia imply about the brain processing faces?

A
  • implies brain = specialised to process faces
37
Q

what else is the FFA concerned with?

A
  • area = activated when observing pictures of birds or cars

PSGY1003 Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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