SLA Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiologia

A

-la forma più frequente di malattia del motoneurone
-1-3 casi ogni 100.000 abitanti
-10% familiare, il restante è sporadica
-

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2
Q

Clinica

A

Esordio tipico : debolezza muscolare distale asimmetrica, fascicolazioni lingua (sono interessati dapprima i nervi cranici bassi!), scarsa lesione della muscolatura

  • fascicolazioni e atrofia
  • Babinsky positivo e iperreflessia (invece la Atassia di F si presenta con Babinsky positivo ma ipo-areflessia)
  • disfonia, disartria, disfagia

La funzione dei muscoli oculomotori cosi come gli sfinteri è conservata fino alle fasi avanzate!!!! (ricordiamo che gli sfinteri sono integri anche nella GB mentre sono deficitari nella SM)

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3
Q

DDx

A
  • SM: esordio con alterazioni muscoli oculari o ipo-parestesie, deficit controllo sfinteriale, tutte caratteristiche assolutamente non presenti nella SLA essendo una malattia del motoneurone. Similmente alla SLA però presenta iperreflessia, spasticità e Babinsky positivo.
  • GB: esordio simmetrico distale con paraplegia/paraparesi ma con alterazione controllo sfinteriale, con AREFLESSIA e con una componente di distesia! (ultimi due elementi mancano assolutamente nella SLA)

ATASSIA di F.: esordio con alterazione della deambulazione, IPOREFLESSIA, IPOTONIA, Babinsky positivo, alterazioni oculari, disartria. (nella SLA c’è iperreflessia anche, e Babinsky positivo)

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4
Q

SLA nei casi clinici

A

-ASIMMETRIA, IPERREFLESSIA, ATROFIA👓, FASCICOLAZIONI, NO DEFICIT SENSITIVO, NO ALTERAZIONI OCULARI (quando ci sono alterazioni oculari pensare a Sdr di Horner, MG, GB, SM, ATASSIA)

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5
Q

General findings

Lou Gehrig disease🧨

Atrophy of the entire motor system, e.g., narrowing of gray matter due to atrophy of ventral roots👓

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig disease, is a neurodegenerative disease with upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction. The disease most commonly manifests between fifty and seventy years of age, often beginning with asymmetric weakness in the hands or feet. However, initial presentation is highly variable and some patients present with atypical/non-specific symptoms such as subtle vocal changes. As the disease progresses, most patients eventually develop one or both of the life-threatening symptoms: respiratory impairment and dysphagia. Riluzole is the only drug that has proven effective in the treatment of ALS and is indicated for all patients. Multidisciplinary care is extremely important and includes nursing care, physiotherapy, and eventually assisted ventilation and enteral feeding. Most patients will die within 3–5 years, although approx. 30% have a chance of living longer.

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

Incidence: 2–3 cases/100,000 population per year
Sex: ♂ > ♀ (M maggiore di F)
Mean age of onset is 65 years
Can be sporadic (90%) or familial (10%)

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7
Q

Diagnosis

Si rileva un aumento della CK

A

-Physical examination (including testing reflexes, Babinski’s sign, etc.)
-Electromyography
1.Denervation: indicated, e.g., by fibrillations, positive
sharp waves, and large amplitudes
2.Fasciculations🧨
-Nerve conduction studies: usually normal
-MRI and laboratory tests to exclude other potential diagnoses
-Increased creatine kinase

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8
Q

Treatment

A

✔Riluzole (glutamate antagonist): prolongs survival of patients with ALS

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