Skull, scalp, superficial face and neck Flashcards
skull terminology
neurocranium- region that surrounds the brain calvaria- skull cap skeleton of face- viscerocranium
anatomical position of the skull
orbitomeatal plane needs to be horizontal. the orbiotmeatal plane runs from the inferior border of the orbital cavity to the superior border of the auditory meatus
bones of skull
frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone (mastoid process+ styloid bone), sphenoid bone (greater wing), ethmoid bone, ( very thin, nasal bones, zygomatic (cheeks), maxillae top jaws, mandible, lacrimal bones (behind nasal bones), superior and inferior nasal concha/turbinates, vomer bone (septum), palatine
sutures of the skull
Coronal- between the frontal and parietal bones Sagittal bone-runs along the center of the calvaria Squamous-separates the temporal bone and parietal bone lambdoidal suture- separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones, meiotic/frontal suture (bindi)
craniometric points
Nasion- frontal nasal junction, Glabella Pterion-temples (middle meningeal artery runs right behind it) bregma, vertex, lambda, astern inion
layers of scalp
S-skin, C-connective tissue (blood and nerve supply to scalp located in CT layer), A-aponeurosis , L-loose Connective tissue (separates easily facilitates spread of infection), P-pericranium( external and internal layers (epicranium and endocranium/periosteal/endosteal
Aponeurosis
also called the epicranial aponeurosis/ galea aponeurotica- connects the bellies of the frontalis to occipitalis
a scalp wound gapes which layer has been penetrated
aponeurosis because the muscles are contracting-causes lots of bleeding
muscles of facial expression
frontal belly of occipitofrontalis, corrigator supercilli, orbicularis oculi, nasalis, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis orbicularis oris, buccinator
Buccinator (cheek muscle) oiiag
O-Mandible, maxilla, pterygomandibular raphe
I-Angle of mouth (modiolus)
I- Facial nerve (CN VII)
A- Presses cheek against molar teeth, resists distention
G- Facial expression
Corrugator supercilii oiiag
O- Medial part of supra‐orbital margin
I- Skin of medial half of eyebrow
I- Facial nerve (CN VII)
A- Draws eyebrows downward and medially, produces wrinkles in frowning
G- Facial expression
Depressor anguli oris oiiag
o- Anterolateral base of mandible
i- Angle of mouth (modiolus)
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Depresses angle of mouth (sadness)
g- Facial expression
Depressor labii inferioris oiiag
o-Lateral surface of mandible
i- Skin of lower lip
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Depresses lower lip
g- Facial expression
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi oiiag
o- Maxilla above infraorbital foramen
i- Skin of upper lip, greater alar cartilage of nose
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Elevates upper lip; dilates nares
g- Facial expression
Mentalis oiiag
o- Incisive fossa of mandible
i- Skin of chin
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Raises & protrudes lower lip
g- Facial expression
Nasalis oiiag
o- Frontal process of maxilla
i- Aponeurosis on nasal cartilages
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Draws ala of nose toward septum, compresses nostrils; alar part opens nostrils
g- facial expression
Occipitofrontalis oiiag
o- Superior nuchal line and skin of forehead
i- Epicranial aponeurosis
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Moves scalp backwards & wrinkles forehead skin and raises eyebrows
g- Facial expression
Orbicularis oculi oiiag
o- Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone
i- Skin around orbit, palpebral ligament, upper & lower eyelids
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Closes eyelids (half a blink)
g- Facial expression
Orbicularis oris oiiag
o- Maxilla above incisor teeth & angle of mouth (modiolus)
i- Skin around lips
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Closes, compresses & protrudes lips
g- Facial expression
Platysma oiiag
o- Subcutaneous tissue of clavicular region
i- Base of mandible, angle of mouth (modiolus), orbicularis oris
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Tenses skin of neck
g- Facial expression
Zygomaticus Major oiiag
o- Zygomatic arch
i- Angle of mouth (modiolus)
i- Facial nerve (CN VII)
a- Draws angle of mouth backward and upward (smile)
g- Facial expression
innervation of facial expression
- facial nerve (CNV11)- comes out of styloid mastoid foramen
- gives off a posterior auricular branch that goes to the occipital
- and a major branch goes to the parotid gland anterior branch: branches of facial nerve:
- To Zanzibar By Motor Car:
- Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
- injury to facial nerve will cause drooping- Bell’s Palsy
innervation of the skin of the face/scalp
- trigeminal nerve CN V (trigeminal neurolgia/ tic douloureux- sudden pain in face) mid pons level
- CN V1 (ophthamic)
- CN V2 (maxillary)
- CN V3 (mandibular)
- C2
- C3
trigeminal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia of face) all the cell bodies that are getting sensory information from the face
superficial arterial supply of the face and scalp
- external carotid (facial a, superficial temporal a., and transverse facial a)
- fascial a.- palpable anterior to masseter m
- superior and inferior labial branches
- becomes angular a. at inner eye corner
- fascial a.- palpable anterior to masseter m
- internal carotid (supratrochlear a., supraorbital a)
superficial venous supply of the face and scalp
- angular v.->facial v. (veins are posterior to arteries in face)
- superficial temporal v. +maxillary v.-> retromandibular v.
- retromandibular v. splits into an anterior and a posterior branch
- anterior branch joins facial v.->internal jugular
- post. branch joins auricular v.->external jug
- cavernous sinus anastomoses with all veins, no valves- danger triangle 9nose)
