Skull, scalp, superficial face and neck

Question 1

skull terminology

Answer 1

neurocranium- region that surrounds the brain calvaria- skull cap skeleton of face- viscerocranium

Question 2

anatomical position of the skull

Answer 2

orbitomeatal plane needs to be horizontal. the orbiotmeatal plane runs from the inferior border of the orbital cavity to the superior border of the auditory meatus

Question 3

bones of skull

Answer 3

frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone (mastoid process+ styloid bone), sphenoid bone (greater wing), ethmoid bone, ( very thin, nasal bones, zygomatic (cheeks), maxillae top jaws, mandible, lacrimal bones (behind nasal bones), superior and inferior nasal concha/turbinates, vomer bone (septum), palatine

Question 4

sutures of the skull

Answer 4

Coronal- between the frontal and parietal bones Sagittal bone-runs along the center of the calvaria Squamous-separates the temporal bone and parietal bone lambdoidal suture- separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones, meiotic/frontal suture (bindi)

Question 5

craniometric points

Answer 5

Nasion- frontal nasal junction, Glabella Pterion-temples (middle meningeal artery runs right behind it) bregma, vertex, lambda, astern inion

Question 6

layers of scalp

Answer 6

S-skin, C-connective tissue (blood and nerve supply to scalp located in CT layer), A-aponeurosis , L-loose Connective tissue (separates easily facilitates spread of infection), P-pericranium( external and internal layers (epicranium and endocranium/periosteal/endosteal

Question 7

Aponeurosis

Answer 7

also called the epicranial aponeurosis/ galea aponeurotica- connects the bellies of the frontalis to occipitalis

Question 8

a scalp wound gapes which layer has been penetrated

Answer 8

aponeurosis because the muscles are contracting-causes lots of bleeding

Question 9

muscles of facial expression

Answer 9

frontal belly of occipitofrontalis, corrigator supercilli, orbicularis oculi, nasalis, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis orbicularis oris, buccinator

Question 10

Buccinator (cheek muscle) oiiag

Answer 10

O-Mandible, maxilla, pterygomandibular raphe

I-Angle of mouth (modiolus)

I- Facial nerve (CN VII)

A- Presses cheek against molar teeth, resists distention

G- Facial expression

Question 11

Corrugator supercilii oiiag

Answer 11

O- Medial part of supra‐orbital margin

I- Skin of medial half of eyebrow

I- Facial nerve (CN VII)

A- Draws eyebrows downward and medially, produces wrinkles in frowning

G- Facial expression

Question 12

Depressor anguli oris oiiag

Answer 12

o- Anterolateral base of mandible

i- Angle of mouth (modiolus)

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Depresses angle of mouth (sadness)

g- Facial expression

Question 13

Depressor labii inferioris oiiag

Answer 13

o-Lateral surface of mandible

i- Skin of lower lip

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Depresses lower lip

g- Facial expression

Question 14

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi oiiag

Answer 14

o- Maxilla above infraorbital foramen

i- Skin of upper lip, greater alar cartilage of nose

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Elevates upper lip; dilates nares

g- Facial expression

Question 15

Mentalis oiiag

Answer 15

o- Incisive fossa of mandible

i- Skin of chin

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Raises & protrudes lower lip

g- Facial expression

Question 16

Nasalis oiiag

Answer 16

o- Frontal process of maxilla

i- Aponeurosis on nasal cartilages

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Draws ala of nose toward septum, compresses nostrils; alar part opens nostrils

g- facial expression

Question 17

Occipitofrontalis oiiag

Answer 17

o- Superior nuchal line and skin of forehead

i- Epicranial aponeurosis

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Moves scalp backwards & wrinkles forehead skin and raises eyebrows

g- Facial expression

Question 18

Orbicularis oculi oiiag

Answer 18

o- Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone

i- Skin around orbit, palpebral ligament, upper & lower eyelids

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Closes eyelids (half a blink)

g- Facial expression

Question 19

Orbicularis oris oiiag

Answer 19

o- Maxilla above incisor teeth & angle of mouth (modiolus)

i- Skin around lips

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Closes, compresses & protrudes lips

g- Facial expression

Question 20

Platysma oiiag

Answer 20

o- Subcutaneous tissue of clavicular region

i- Base of mandible, angle of mouth (modiolus), orbicularis oris

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Tenses skin of neck

g- Facial expression

Question 21

Zygomaticus Major oiiag

Answer 21

o- Zygomatic arch

i- Angle of mouth (modiolus)

i- Facial nerve (CN VII)

a- Draws angle of mouth backward and upward (smile)

g- Facial expression

Question 22

innervation of facial expression

Answer 22

• facial nerve (CNV11)- comes out of styloid mastoid foramen
• gives off a posterior auricular branch that goes to the occipital
• and a major branch goes to the parotid gland anterior branch: branches of facial nerve:
• To Zanzibar By Motor Car:
• Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
• injury to facial nerve will cause drooping- Bell’s Palsy

Question 23

innervation of the skin of the face/scalp

Answer 23

• trigeminal nerve CN V (trigeminal neurolgia/ tic douloureux- sudden pain in face) mid pons level
  
  • CN V1 (ophthamic)
  • CN V2 (maxillary)
  • CN V3 (mandibular)
• C2
• C3

trigeminal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia of face) all the cell bodies that are getting sensory information from the face

Question 24

superficial arterial supply of the face and scalp

Answer 24

• external carotid (facial a, superficial temporal a., and transverse facial a)
  
  • fascial a.- palpable anterior to masseter m
    
    • superior and inferior labial branches
    • becomes angular a. at inner eye corner
• internal carotid (supratrochlear a., supraorbital a)

Question 25

superficial venous supply of the face and scalp

Answer 25

• angular v.->facial v. (veins are posterior to arteries in face)
• superficial temporal v. +maxillary v.-> retromandibular v.
• retromandibular v. splits into an anterior and a posterior branch
  
  • anterior branch joins facial v.->internal jugular
  • post. branch joins auricular v.->external jug
• cavernous sinus anastomoses with all veins, no valves- danger triangle 9nose)