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Comparative Anatomy > Skull Reptiles, Birds And Fish > Flashcards

Skull Reptiles, Birds And Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four orders of reptiles?

A

Squamata, Chelonia, Crocodylia and Rhynchocephalia

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2
Q

What is Squamata?

A

Lizards and snakes

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3
Q

What is Chelonia?

A

Turtles

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4
Q

What is Crocodylia?

A

Crocodiles

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5
Q

What is Rhynchocephalia?

A

Tuatara

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6
Q

Describe Poikilothermic

A

Easier to live in warmer climates. Dry scaled skin, internal fertilisation, 3 or 4 chambered heart, they are aquatic, semi aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal reptiles

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7
Q

What kind of skull does a snake have?

A

Loosely joined and kinetic

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8
Q

What kind of skulls does a crocodile have?

A

Robust solid skulls

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9
Q

Do reptiles have a smaller brain case than mammals?

A

Yes

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10
Q

In the lower jaw, how many bones are in a reptile?

A

Several

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11
Q

In the lower jaw, how many bones are in a mammal?

A

One

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12
Q

Between reptiles and mammals, how many occipital condyles?

A 
Reptiles = 1
Mammals = 2
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13
Q

Between reptiles and mammals, how many middle ear bones?

A 
Reptiles = 1
Mammals = 3
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14
Q

Between reptiles and mammals, are bony plates complete or incomplete?

A 
Reptiles = incomplete
Mammals = complete
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15
Q

What is sphenodontida?

A

Beak headed

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16
Q

Differences of Rhynchocephalia from lizards?

A

Lack external ears, parietal eye more formed, lack of hemipenes or even penis in general

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17
Q

What does Rhynchocephalia have in common with lizards?

A

Caudal anatomy - ability to detach tails when in danger

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18
Q

What is the function of having a parietal eye?

A

Useful in absorbing UV and setting circadian and seasonal cycles

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19
Q

What are diaspids?

A

Crocodiles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, birds and non avian dinosaurs

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20
Q

An example of Squamata lizards

A

Suborder Lacertilia

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21
Q

An example of Squamata snakes

A

Suborder Serpentes

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22
Q

What are the differences from Rhynchocephalia and Squamata?

A

Bone between skull and lower jaw (quadrate) loosely attached by ligaments

Beak became jaws - wide open, faster, stronger bite

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23
Q

How many hinges does a snake have?

A

Two

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24
Q

Why does snakes have loose TMJ?

A

Allows the mandible to move freely therefore chewing is inefficient

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25
Q

Does the snake mandible fuse in the midline?

A

Nope

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26
Q

Are there extra bones at the TMJ joint of a snake compared to a mammal?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are the ossicles of a mammal?

A

Incus, malleus and stapes

28
Q

What is the ossicle of a reptile?

A

Columella

29
Q

How many socketed teeth are in a crocodile?

A

Approx 72

30
Q

What is the jaw and snout of a crocodile like?

A

Long and narrow

31
Q

What muscles open the jaws of crocodiles?

A

Antagonistic masticatory muscles

32
Q

Why do crocodiles sleep with there jaws open?

A

To eliminate step one of biting process

33
Q

What is the difference between a crocodile and an alligator?

A

The alligator has a U shaped jaw and the crocodile has a V shaped jaw

34
Q

In an alligator, what is the U shaped jaw used for?

A

Catching turtles

35
Q

In a crocodile, what is the V shaped jaw used for?

A

Catching fish

36
Q

What is the difference regarding the teeth and jaws of a crocodile and alligator?

A

The upper jaw of an alligator hides the lower teeth and the crocodile jaw allows all teeth to be exposed

37
Q

How big does a male Gavial grow?

A

21ft long

38
Q

What is the diet of a Gharial/ Gavial?

A

Fish

39
Q

Describe the jaw of Caiman

A

Straight, wide jaws. Upper jaw covers lower jaw therefore is classed as an alligator

40
Q

What are the Avian orders?

A

Anserine, Charadinaceous, Columbine, Falconine, Gallinaceous, Passerine, Psittacine and Strigine

41
Q

What is the Anserine avian order?

A

Ducks, geese and swans

42
Q

What is the Charadinaceous avian order?

A

Gulls, terns and other shorebirds

43
Q

What is the Columbine avian order?

A

Pigeons and doves

44
Q

What is the Falconine avian order?

A

Eagles, Hawks, Kites, Ospreys, Vulture and Falcons

45
Q

What are the Gallinaceous Avain order?

A

Grouse, quail, partridge, pheasants, jungle fowl, pea fowl and turkeys

46
Q

What are the Passerine Avian order?

A

Perching birds

47
Q

What are the Psittacine Avian Order?

A

Lories, parrots and macaws

48
Q

What are the Strigine Avian order?

A

Owls

49
Q

What are the 5 major bird bones of the skull?

A

Frontal, parietal, premaxillary, nasal and mandible

50
Q

What is a beak made of on the outside?

A

Keratin (hair, feathers, scales)

51
Q

Why do birds not have teeth?

A

Thought to be linked to flight adaptation

52
Q

What is the Sclerotic ring in a bird?

A

Movable bony ring surrounding eyeball

53
Q

What do seabirds secrete?

A

Ions in a salty solution released into the nostril.

54
Q

What is a paraphyletic group in a fish?

A

Any clade containing fish also containing the tetrapods, which are not fish

55
Q

What is Agnatha?

A

Jaws absent

56
Q

What is Cyclostomic mouth?

A

Suck blood

57
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous fish

58
Q

What are Osteichthyes?

A

Bony fish

59
Q

What is the Operculum?

A

A bone on the sides of the fish protects the chambers that house the gills

60
Q

How do bony fish fertilise?

A

Either internally or externally

61
Q

What are the two types of eggs of a bony fish?

A

Float and sink

62
Q

What are the two species of Tuatara?

A

Punctatus and Guntheri

63
Q

Tuatara’s have a retina, lens, cornea and nerves, but what are these not used for?

A

Vision

64
Q

When is the tuatara parietal eye visible?

A

In hatchlings - covered in scales and pigments after 4-6 months

65
Q

How many holes did the amniote tetrapod develop in their skull?

A

Two

66
Q

What are the holes in the tetrapod skulls called?

A

Temporal fenestra

67
Q

Why does a snake have 2 hinges?

A

Open mouth wide and swallow prey

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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