Skull Reptiles, Birds And Fish

Question 1

What are the four orders of reptiles?

Answer 1

Squamata, Chelonia, Crocodylia and Rhynchocephalia

Question 2

What is Squamata?

Answer 2

Lizards and snakes

Question 3

What is Chelonia?

Answer 3

Turtles

Question 4

What is Crocodylia?

Answer 4

Crocodiles

Question 5

What is Rhynchocephalia?

Answer 5

Tuatara

Question 6

Describe Poikilothermic

Answer 6

Easier to live in warmer climates. Dry scaled skin, internal fertilisation, 3 or 4 chambered heart, they are aquatic, semi aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal reptiles

Question 7

What kind of skull does a snake have?

Answer 7

Loosely joined and kinetic

Question 8

What kind of skulls does a crocodile have?

Answer 8

Robust solid skulls

Question 9

Do reptiles have a smaller brain case than mammals?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

In the lower jaw, how many bones are in a reptile?

Answer 10

Several

Question 11

In the lower jaw, how many bones are in a mammal?

Answer 11

One

Question 12

Between reptiles and mammals, how many occipital condyles?

Answer 12

Reptiles = 1
Mammals = 2

Question 13

Between reptiles and mammals, how many middle ear bones?

Answer 13

Reptiles = 1
Mammals = 3

Question 14

Between reptiles and mammals, are bony plates complete or incomplete?

Answer 14

Reptiles = incomplete
Mammals = complete

Question 15

What is sphenodontida?

Answer 15

Beak headed

Question 16

Differences of Rhynchocephalia from lizards?

Answer 16

Lack external ears, parietal eye more formed, lack of hemipenes or even penis in general

Question 17

What does Rhynchocephalia have in common with lizards?

Answer 17

Caudal anatomy - ability to detach tails when in danger

Question 18

What is the function of having a parietal eye?

Answer 18

Useful in absorbing UV and setting circadian and seasonal cycles

Question 19

What are diaspids?

Answer 19

Crocodiles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, birds and non avian dinosaurs

Question 20

An example of Squamata lizards

Answer 20

Suborder Lacertilia

Question 21

An example of Squamata snakes

Answer 21

Suborder Serpentes

Question 22

What are the differences from Rhynchocephalia and Squamata?

Answer 22

Bone between skull and lower jaw (quadrate) loosely attached by ligaments

Beak became jaws - wide open, faster, stronger bite

Question 23

How many hinges does a snake have?

Answer 23

Two

Question 24

Why does snakes have loose TMJ?

Answer 24

Allows the mandible to move freely therefore chewing is inefficient

Question 25

Does the snake mandible fuse in the midline?

Answer 25

Nope

Question 26

Are there extra bones at the TMJ joint of a snake compared to a mammal?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

What are the ossicles of a mammal?

Answer 27

Incus, malleus and stapes

Question 28

What is the ossicle of a reptile?

Answer 28

Columella

Question 29

How many socketed teeth are in a crocodile?

Answer 29

Approx 72

Question 30

What is the jaw and snout of a crocodile like?

Answer 30

Long and narrow

Question 31

What muscles open the jaws of crocodiles?

Answer 31

Antagonistic masticatory muscles

Question 32

Why do crocodiles sleep with there jaws open?

Answer 32

To eliminate step one of biting process

Question 33

What is the difference between a crocodile and an alligator?

Answer 33

The alligator has a U shaped jaw and the crocodile has a V shaped jaw

Question 34

In an alligator, what is the U shaped jaw used for?

Answer 34

Catching turtles

Question 35

In a crocodile, what is the V shaped jaw used for?

Answer 35

Catching fish

Question 36

What is the difference regarding the teeth and jaws of a crocodile and alligator?

Answer 36

The upper jaw of an alligator hides the lower teeth and the crocodile jaw allows all teeth to be exposed

Question 37

How big does a male Gavial grow?

Answer 37

21ft long

Question 38

What is the diet of a Gharial/ Gavial?

Answer 38

Fish

Question 39

Describe the jaw of Caiman

Answer 39

Straight, wide jaws. Upper jaw covers lower jaw therefore is classed as an alligator

Question 40

What are the Avian orders?

Answer 40

Anserine, Charadinaceous, Columbine, Falconine, Gallinaceous, Passerine, Psittacine and Strigine

Question 41

What is the Anserine avian order?

Answer 41

Ducks, geese and swans

Question 42

What is the Charadinaceous avian order?

Answer 42

Gulls, terns and other shorebirds

Question 43

What is the Columbine avian order?

Answer 43

Pigeons and doves

Question 44

What is the Falconine avian order?

Answer 44

Eagles, Hawks, Kites, Ospreys, Vulture and Falcons

Question 45

What are the Gallinaceous Avain order?

Answer 45

Grouse, quail, partridge, pheasants, jungle fowl, pea fowl and turkeys

Question 46

What are the Passerine Avian order?

Answer 46

Perching birds

Question 47

What are the Psittacine Avian Order?

Answer 47

Lories, parrots and macaws

Question 48

What are the Strigine Avian order?

Answer 48

Owls

Question 49

What are the 5 major bird bones of the skull?

Answer 49

Frontal, parietal, premaxillary, nasal and mandible

Question 50

What is a beak made of on the outside?

Answer 50

Keratin (hair, feathers, scales)

Question 51

Why do birds not have teeth?

Answer 51

Thought to be linked to flight adaptation

Question 52

What is the Sclerotic ring in a bird?

Answer 52

Movable bony ring surrounding eyeball

Question 53

What do seabirds secrete?

Answer 53

Ions in a salty solution released into the nostril.

Question 54

What is a paraphyletic group in a fish?

Answer 54

Any clade containing fish also containing the tetrapods, which are not fish

Question 55

What is Agnatha?

Answer 55

Jaws absent

Question 56

What is Cyclostomic mouth?

Answer 56

Suck blood

Question 57

What are Chondrichthyes?

Answer 57

Cartilaginous fish

Question 58

What are Osteichthyes?

Answer 58

Bony fish

Question 59

What is the Operculum?

Answer 59

A bone on the sides of the fish protects the chambers that house the gills

Question 60

How do bony fish fertilise?

Answer 60

Either internally or externally

Question 61

What are the two types of eggs of a bony fish?

Answer 61

Float and sink

Question 62

What are the two species of Tuatara?

Answer 62

Punctatus and Guntheri

Question 63

Tuatara's have a retina, lens, cornea and nerves, but what are these not used for?

Answer 63

Vision

Question 64

When is the tuatara parietal eye visible?

Answer 64

In hatchlings - covered in scales and pigments after 4-6 months

Question 65

How many holes did the amniote tetrapod develop in their skull?

Answer 65

Two

Question 66

What are the holes in the tetrapod skulls called?

Answer 66

Temporal fenestra

Question 67

Why does a snake have 2 hinges?

Answer 67

Open mouth wide and swallow prey