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Comparative Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food into consumable parts and extract valuable nutrients and water. Also to allow mass processing of low nutrient value food.

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2
Q

The digestion system is the creation and removal of?

A

Waste products

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3
Q

What compounds does the digestion system deal with?

A

Toxic compounds

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4
Q

What is the oral (buccal) cavity?

A

The mouth

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5
Q

The roof of the buccal cavity is called?

A

The palate

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6
Q

What are the different types of palates?

A

Hard and soft palate

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7
Q

What do palatal folds form?

A

A second horizontal shelf that separates the nose and the mouth this is called the secondary palate

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8
Q

The hard palate is made of?

A

Bony pre-maxilla and maxilla bones

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9
Q

Do mammals have a soft or hard palate?

A

They have both

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10
Q

In mammals, where is the soft palate?

A

It hangs from the bony hard palate

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11
Q

What is pushed further back in the buccal cavity?

A

Internal nerves

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12
Q

What is the uvula?

A

It is the thing that hangs down the back of the throat

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13
Q

What does the soft palate allow?

A

Allows you to feel and allows gag reflex so that people don’t choke

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14
Q

What does the secondary palate consist of?

A

The hard and soft palate

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15
Q

Where does the primary palate form?

A

Anterior to the incisive foramen

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16
Q

In tetrapods, how do nasal passages reach the mouth?

A

Through openings in the primary palate

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17
Q

Where is the hard palate and soft palate in the mouth?

A

Hard palate is at the front and soft palate is at the back

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18
Q

What is the function of the tongue in humans?

A

To move food around mouth and push food to the back of the mouth for swallowing

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19
Q

In what animals is the tongue immobile?

A

Jawed fishes, turtles, crocodile and some birds

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20
Q

What is the tongue like in snakes and nectar feeding bats?

A

Flexible and mobile

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21
Q

What do the modifications in the frogs tongue allow?

A

Allows the tongue to protrude quickly and be drawn back, glands to create sticky fluid

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22
Q

Labial is…

A

Near the lips

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23
Q

Palatal is…

A

Near the palate, internasal and submaxillary

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24
Q

Why can glands be modified?

A

To release venom,
Used for saliva for lubrication,
To seduce prey

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25
Q

What is the nasopharynx used for?

A

Air

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26
Q

What is the oropharynx used for?

A

Food

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27
Q

The pharynx opens for?

A

Opening for Eustacian tube which opens to the oesophagus which then opens to the larynx covered by epiglottis
Eustacian tube -> Oesophagus -> Larynx

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28
Q

What is swallowing?

A

When the bolus of food is pushed from the buccal cavity to the oesophagus and then to the stomach
Bolus -> Buccal Cavity -> Oesophagus -> Stomach

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29
Q

How do many vertebrates ‘bolt’ their food?

A

By swallowing it whole and then stretching the oesophagus

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30
Q

How do snakes eat their prey?

A

They take prey whole and move their jaws left and right to ‘walk’ the food down their throat and then muscular contractions squeeze the food down the oesophagus.

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31
Q

Swallowing may take time in a snake, so how does the snake cope with this?

A

The snakes trachea slips down and forwards beneath the prey item to keep their airway open whilst they swallow

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32
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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33
Q

Why does the oesophagus stretch?

A

To accommodate bolus of food

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34
Q

Why do some species have stratified epithelium and keratinised epithelium?

A

To allow ingestion of abrasive foodstuffs

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35
Q

Can the oesophagus be a site of storage?

A

Yes, when large amounts of food are swallowed at one time

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36
Q

What is different about a birds oesophagus?

A

They possess a crop

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37
Q

What is a crop?

A

It is an outgrowth of the oesophagus used to store food prior to digestion or regurgitation

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38
Q

In pigeons, what does the crop do?

A

Secretes a nutritional fluid to feed hatchlings for several days - pigeon milk

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39
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Muscular sac to receive, churn and process food using gastric juices

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40
Q

In carnivores, what do they use the stomach for?

A

Use it as a storage area when intake is irregular and large quantities of food are eaten

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41
Q

What are the gastric juices in the stomach?

A

HCL plus some enzymes and mucus

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42
Q

What is the function of acid secretion?

A

To prevent food decay by bacteria whilst food is stored prior to digestion

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43
Q

Mucosal histology divides the stomach into what?

A

Glandular and non-glandular epithelium

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44
Q

What does the gastric glands delineate?

A

The cardia, fundus and pylorus

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45
Q

What is cardia?

A

Only found in mammals, marks the transition between stomach and oesophagus, mostly mucous secreting cells

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46
Q

What is fundus?

A

Contains mucus cells, parietal cells (HCL) and chief cells (proteolytic enzymes)

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47
Q

What is pylorus?

A

Contains pyloric glands that create mucous that helps to neutralise acidic chime prior to release into the intestines

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48
Q

Where is non-glandular epithelium found?

A

In the stomach

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49
Q

Where do herbivores develop non glandular epithelium?

A

At the base of the oesophagus

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50
Q

In rodents, what results in a loss of gastric glands?

A

Leads to smooth muscle stomach that uses contractions to churn and mix food

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51
Q

Why might a rodent epithelium be keratinised?

A

To resist mechanical abrasion from insect exoskeletons, grasses and seeds

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52
Q

What is a gizzard?

A

A region of the stomach with thick muscular walls that grinds food against ingested stones

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53
Q

What animals have a gizzard?

A

Crocodiles and alligators

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54
Q

What part of the stomach lies before the gizzard?

A

Glandular part

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55
Q

Does a bird possess a gizzard or a crop?

A

Possess both

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56
Q

What joins the oesophagus that then joins the gizzard?

A

Proventriculus

57
Q

What is the function of the proventriculus?

A

Secretes gastric fluid to digest the food bolus

58
Q

What does ruminants and camels stomachs have?

A

4 chambered stomach

59
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the stomach of ruminants and camels?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum

60
Q

Where are the rumen, reticulum and omasum derived from?

A

The oesophagus

61
Q

Where is the abomasum derived from?

A

The stomach

62
Q

What is the Rumen chamber of the stomach?

A

Large and serves to receive food from the oesophagus

63
Q

What is the shape of the reticulum chamber of the stomach?

A

Small and honeycombed

64
Q

What does the rumen and reticulum have in common?

A

Both are lines with oesophageal epithelium. The food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material

65
Q

What is the omasum chamber of the stomach?

A

This is the third chamber and is lined with oesophageal epithelium but folded into overlapping leaves

66
Q

What is the abomasum chamber of the stomach?

A

This is the final chamber and is the only chamber that possesses a cardia, fundus and pylorus. This is the true stomach

67
Q

Functions of the liver?

A

Detoxification of blood and production of bile.

68
Q

What animals have a gall bladder?

A

Bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, some birds and most animals

69
Q

What two types of functions happen in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

70
Q

What are the intestines?

A

Elongated tube that separates into small and large intestines

71
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Moves food along tract

72
Q

What does mucus do in the intestines?

A

Protects gut tube walls from enzymes and provide lubrication

73
Q

What do intestinal glands produce?

A

Enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

74
Q

What nutrients get absorbed by the intestines?

A

Carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids and water

75
Q

What are the three areas of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ilium

76
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of small intestine that receives chime from stomach and exocrine secretions from the liver and pancreas

77
Q

What do the Brunner’s glands in the walls of the duodenum do?

A

Help neutralise acid from stomach

78
Q

Jejunum and ileum are more distinct in?

A

Mammals

79
Q

Where does the large intestine pass to?

A

Anal opening or the cloaca

80
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Acts as a store before the anus

81
Q

What do the sphincter muscle do?

A

Control release of content

82
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon

83
Q

Where is the cloaca derived from?

A

The proctodeum at the end of the embryonic gut tube

84
Q

What species is the cloaca not present in?

A

Fish or most mammal species because they have separate digestive (anal canal) and urogenital openings

85
Q

Where does the large intestine empty?

A

Coprodeum

86
Q

Why increase time spent in the digestive tract?

A

To maximise nutrient intake

87
Q

What is the spiral valve

A

Helical partition in the gut tube that forces food to wind around a spiral channel, increasing the time spent in the intestines

88
Q

What increases the surface area in the intestines in larval lampreys?

A

Typhlosole longitudinal fold

89
Q

Does water absorption take place in large or small intestines?

A

Large

90
Q

In lower vertebrates why is electrolytes and water reabsorbed in large intestines?

A

Don’t concentrate urine well

91
Q

Retrograde peristalsis can push digesta from cloaca to large intestine for?

A

Further resorption

92
Q

GALT is?

A

Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue and is a defence against ingested pathogens and parasites

93
Q

What is down-regulation after food has been digested?

A

Decrease in cell proliferation or epithelial folding

94
Q

Some animals go into fasting period after digestion, what animals do not?

A

Endothermic animals ( birds, mammals)

95
Q

Why do birds down-regulate?

A

For long flights

96
Q

Why do lactating mammals down-regulate?

A

Increase food intake and intestines enlarge in response

97
Q

What does mechanical breakdown of food allow?

A

Pieces to be reduced in size and then swallowed

98
Q

What starts the process of digestion?

A

Enzyme in saliva

99
Q

What does carnassial teeth allow?

A

Allows soft, sinewy food to be sliced into pieces

100
Q

What do the incisors do?

A

Snip vegetation

101
Q

What do molars do?

A

Grind food to break down tough outer layers

102
Q

Why do omnivore have a mixed dentition?

A

Because they have a mixed dietary intake

103
Q

What acts on food to produce the end products of digestion?

A

Proteases (proteins), lipases (fats), cellulases, amylase (carbohydrates)

104
Q

What are the end products of digestion?

A

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

105
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural component of all plants and as such is an important carbohydrate. It is insoluble and very resistant to chemical attack

106
Q

How is cellulose broken down?

A

Fermentation by microorganisms/ bacteria/ protozoans

107
Q

Fermentation releases what?

A

Organic acids that are used for oxidative metabolism

108
Q

What does fermentation create?

A

Carbon dioxide and methane

109
Q

Why are fermentation chambers needed?

A

To allow slow process of fermentation to occur

110
Q

Microbial fermentation in the oesophagus and stomach are?

A

Foregut fermenters

111
Q

Why regurgitate food?

A

This process occurs many time to break food up mechanically and chemically.

112
Q

Intestinal fermentation is?

A

Microbial digestion of cellulose in the intestine

113
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 1?

A

Very good at extracting the most from low-quality foods

114
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 2?

A

Nutrients released early in the digestive tract so more time to absorb them and being able to re-chew food enables a mechanical breakdown of the plant cell walls

115
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 3?

A

Ammonia is taken in by micro-organisms, which are flushed into the abomasum and omasum and digested

116
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 4?

A

Urea taken into camels rumen and turned into ammonia taken up by bacteria (very little urea lost in urine)

117
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 5?

A

Can take a large quantity of food in quickly and then go to a place of safety to digest it

118
Q

Advantage of intestinal fermentation 1?

A

Food passes through digestive tract prior to fermentation which allows soluble nutrients to be absorbed before fermentation starts.

119
Q

Advantage of intestinal fermentation 2?

A

Faster than gastric fermentation allowing quick absorption of nutrients and release of forage

120
Q

Advantage of intestinal fermentation 3?

A

Some practice coprophagy and re-ingest faeces to pass nutrients though the digestive tract a second time - rodents and rabbits

121
Q

What size of herbivores will most likely use intestinal fermentation?

A

Small

122
Q

What size of herbivore will most likely use gastric fermentation?

A

Large

123
Q

Why do plants use toxins?

A

As a form of defence

124
Q

Tannins and caffeine taste?

A

Bitter

125
Q

What is affected by Marijuana?

A

Reaction times

126
Q

What type of animals use toxins as a type of defence?

A

Amphibians

127
Q

What does ruminant saliva contain?

A

Proteins that bind with tannins to reduce toxicity and reduce effects on digestibility

128
Q

Ruminants that eat a large quantity of tannin-rich food will have a large or small salivary gland?

A

Large

129
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

Glandular part of the stomach

130
Q

Different shapes of the liver causes?

A

Different body morphology but similar functions

131
Q

Chemicals make food?

A

Palatable or poisonous

132
Q

Can animals use toxins as a defence?

A

Yes - amphibians

133
Q

The smaller the animal, the higher?

A

Metabolic rate which means greater need to digest nutrients quickly

134
Q

Large intestinal herbivores have long enough?

A

Digestive tract to extract sufficient nutrients

135
Q

What do large herbivores have the body volume for?

A

To contain large many chambered stomach

136
Q

What advantage does intermediate sized animals have?

A

Ruminant digestion dependant on quality of forage

137
Q

What type of animals use gastric fermentation?

A

Animals that can stand harsh environments such as deserts, altitude or harsh winters

138
Q

Advantage of gastric fermentation 6?

A

Nitrogen used as a resource (not a waste product), important in low protein diets

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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