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Comparative Anatomy > Post Cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post Cranial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Fins and limbs

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3
Q

What are the functions of axial skeleton of the vertebrae?

A

Protect spinal cord and dorsal vessels, provide muscle attachment, suspend body and for locomotion

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4
Q

What does a typical human vertebrae consist of?

A

Centrum, process and neural arch

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5
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A fluid filled, collagenous rod

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6
Q

What develops around the notochord?

A

Vertebral column

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7
Q

Where is the notochord located?

A

Ventral to the developing spinal cord

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8
Q

Where does the notochord run along?

A

It runs along the longitudinal axis of the body

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of centra?

A

Opistocoelous, Procoelous, Amphicoelous and Acoelous

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10
Q

What is the Acoelous?

A

Good for resting compression. Is human and well developed for handling forces

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11
Q

What is the Opistocoelous/ Procoelous?

A

Balls and socket joint formed by adjacent vertebrae

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12
Q

Do fish have necks?

A

Nope

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13
Q

What are the two regions of a fish vertebrae?

A

Trunk and caudal

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14
Q

Describe the vertebrae of a fish vertebral column?

A

Tall and thin, allowing for undulating movement and preventing telescoping

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15
Q

Does a fish have multiple or few centra in a vertebra?

A

Multiple

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16
Q

Why are the processes of a fish vertebra vertical?

A

Due to restriction of movement

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17
Q

Where do the spinal nerves pass through a fish vertebra?

A

Through the neural process

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18
Q

What are the two different tails in a fish called?

A

Heterocercal Tail and Homocercal Tail

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19
Q

What type of fish has a heterocercal tail?

A

Chondrichthyes (shark and rays)

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20
Q

What type of fish has a Homocercal tail?

A

Osteichthyes

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21
Q

Which type of tail generates lift?

A

Heterocercal Tail

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22
Q

What type of tail achieves lift by other means (air bladder)?

A

Homocercal Tail

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23
Q

Which way is a vertebrae directed in Heterocercal Tails?

A

Dorsally

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24
Q

In what way are Neural spines of Homocercal tails directed?

A

Dorsally

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25
Q

What is regionalisation?

A

Progression from water to land

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26
Q

In amphibian vertebral column, does a single or multiple cervical vertebra articulates with the skull?

A

A single

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27
Q

What are the amphibian vertebral column got few of?

A

Few cervical, thoracolumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae

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28
Q

In amphibian vertebra, the C1- atlas has?

A

Two concave facets which articulate with the occiput

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29
Q

What are the benefits of amphibian vertebral column?

A

Protect sense organs and navigate terrain better

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30
Q

The craniovertebral joint allows for?

A

Dorsoventral rocking

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31
Q

In the reptilian vertebral column, what is apart of the vertebrae?

A

Procoelous, ball and socket intervertebral articulation and regionalisation

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32
Q

What does the C1 and C2 - axis do in the craniovertebral joint?

A

C1 - axis (nod yes)

C2 - axis (shake no)

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33
Q

In the reptilian vertebral column, what region of the vertebrae are there no ribs?

A

Lumbar

34
Q

In reptilian vertebral column, what is in the thoracic region?

A

Ribs

35
Q

How many cervical vertebra does an aves vertebra have?

A

Highly variable number

36
Q

What shape of articulations does a cervical have on aves vertebra?

A

Saddle shaped to increase mobility

37
Q

In aves vertebra the thoracic vertebra is?

A

Fused

38
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, proximal caudal vertebrae fused

39
Q

What also fuses with the synsacrum?

A

The pelvic girdle

40
Q

How does the synsacrum affect locomotion?

A

Provides rigidity for flight

41
Q

Is there lots of caudal vertebra in aves vertebral column?

A

Few

42
Q

In mammalian vertebrae, where are the ribs only found?

A

Thoracic region

43
Q

How many cervical vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?

A

Seven

44
Q

How many thoracic vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?

A

15-20

45
Q

How many sacral vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?

A

2-3 and they are fused

46
Q

What is the intervertebral disc?

A

Consists of a central gel (nucleus pulpsus), remains of the notochord

47
Q

How many vertebra does a sloth have?

A

8

48
Q

How do neural spines orientate themselves?

A

Parallel to forces from cranial and caudal musculature

49
Q

To increase force you need to increase?

A

Either increase muscles or increase height of neural spine

50
Q

The height of neural spine is proportional to?

A

The mechanical leverage muscles placed in them for stability

51
Q

Where do ribs develop between?

A

Myosepta in the lateral body wall and extend from dorsal to ventral

52
Q

What are the functions of ribs?

A

To divide the body wall, protect visceral organs and allow for muscle attachment

53
Q

What are the fish ribs associated with?

A

The trunk region

54
Q

What are the two sets of ribs in fish?

A

Ventral and dorsal

55
Q

How long are the ribs in amphibians?

A

They are short, except in limbless amphibians where they play an important role in locomotion

56
Q

Describe the ribs in reptiles?

A

Typical and long

57
Q

Where do lizards have ribs?

A

In cervical and thoracic regions

58
Q

Why is the lumbar ribs reduced?

A

To aid in locomotion

59
Q

What are the ribs like in snakes?

A

Snakes have ribs almost entire length of their body and tail

60
Q

Where do Draco have ribs?

A

In the mid-thoracic region that assists in gliding

61
Q

What are avian ribs like?

A

Thin and broad

62
Q

What is the function of ribs in aves?

A

To support muscle attachment needed for flight

63
Q

How many ribs in cervical region of aves?

A

A few pairs

64
Q

In Aves, are the thoracic ribs floating or true?

A

The first thoracic ribs are floating and then the rest are true

65
Q

What happens in the uncinated process?

A

This process reinforces the rib cage aid in flight and breathing mechanics

66
Q

Where are mammalian ribs only present in?

A

Thoracic region

67
Q

What do mammalian ribs attach to?

A

Centrum and transverse process of vertebrae

68
Q

What are the functions of a sternum?

A

Help strengthen body wall, helps protect viscera, may assist in respiration and origin for pectoral muscles.

69
Q

What is different with a birds sternum?

A

It has a keel

70
Q

What is the function of a keel?

A

A site for muscle attachment using in flight

71
Q

What’s another word used for keel on a birds sternum?

A

Carina

72
Q

The mammalian sternum is composed of?

A

Several sternabrae

73
Q

How does the mammalian sternum develop?

A

From Union two lateral bars

74
Q

Why is the fish vertebral column undifferentiated?

A

Due to not supporting tail

75
Q

In what way in homocercal tails do Hemal spine elongate and match the neural spines?

A

Ventrally

76
Q

How does regionalisation occur?

A

From increased impact of gravity and force of locomotion

77
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column in amphibians?

A

Strength of weight bearing on land

78
Q

What does the vertebrae articulate with in amphibians?

A

Centra and zygapophyses

79
Q

Describe the intervertebral articulations in mammalian vertebrae

A

Flat

80
Q

The sternum is entirely?

A

A tetrapod structure

81
Q

In what species is the sternum absent?

A

In limbless reptiles and amphibians

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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