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Comparative Anatomy > Post Cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post Cranial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Fins and limbs

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3
Q

What are the functions of axial skeleton of the vertebrae?

A

Protect spinal cord and dorsal vessels, provide muscle attachment, suspend body and for locomotion

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4
Q

What does a typical human vertebrae consist of?

A

Centrum, process and neural arch

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5
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A fluid filled, collagenous rod

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6
Q

What develops around the notochord?

A

Vertebral column

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7
Q

Where is the notochord located?

A

Ventral to the developing spinal cord

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8
Q

Where does the notochord run along?

A

It runs along the longitudinal axis of the body

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of centra?

A

Opistocoelous, Procoelous, Amphicoelous and Acoelous

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10
Q

What is the Acoelous?

A

Good for resting compression. Is human and well developed for handling forces

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11
Q

What is the Opistocoelous/ Procoelous?

A

Balls and socket joint formed by adjacent vertebrae

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12
Q

Do fish have necks?

A

Nope

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13
Q

What are the two regions of a fish vertebrae?

A

Trunk and caudal

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14
Q

Describe the vertebrae of a fish vertebral column?

A

Tall and thin, allowing for undulating movement and preventing telescoping

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15
Q

Does a fish have multiple or few centra in a vertebra?

A

Multiple

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16
Q

Why are the processes of a fish vertebra vertical?

A

Due to restriction of movement

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17
Q

Where do the spinal nerves pass through a fish vertebra?

A

Through the neural process

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18
Q

What are the two different tails in a fish called?

A

Heterocercal Tail and Homocercal Tail

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19
Q

What type of fish has a heterocercal tail?

A

Chondrichthyes (shark and rays)

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20
Q

What type of fish has a Homocercal tail?

A

Osteichthyes

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21
Q

Which type of tail generates lift?

A

Heterocercal Tail

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22
Q

What type of tail achieves lift by other means (air bladder)?

A

Homocercal Tail

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23
Q

Which way is a vertebrae directed in Heterocercal Tails?

A

Dorsally

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24
Q

In what way are Neural spines of Homocercal tails directed?

A

Dorsally

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25
What is regionalisation?
Progression from water to land
26
In amphibian vertebral column, does a single or multiple cervical vertebra articulates with the skull?
A single
27
What are the amphibian vertebral column got few of?
Few cervical, thoracolumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae
28
In amphibian vertebra, the C1- atlas has?
Two concave facets which articulate with the occiput
29
What are the benefits of amphibian vertebral column?
Protect sense organs and navigate terrain better
30
The craniovertebral joint allows for?
Dorsoventral rocking
31
In the reptilian vertebral column, what is apart of the vertebrae?
Procoelous, ball and socket intervertebral articulation and regionalisation
32
What does the C1 and C2 - axis do in the craniovertebral joint?
C1 - axis (nod yes) | C2 - axis (shake no)
33
In the reptilian vertebral column, what region of the vertebrae are there no ribs?
Lumbar
34
In reptilian vertebral column, what is in the thoracic region?
Ribs
35
How many cervical vertebra does an aves vertebra have?
Highly variable number
36
What shape of articulations does a cervical have on aves vertebra?
Saddle shaped to increase mobility
37
In aves vertebra the thoracic vertebra is?
Fused
38
What is the synsacrum?
Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, proximal caudal vertebrae fused
39
What also fuses with the synsacrum?
The pelvic girdle
40
How does the synsacrum affect locomotion?
Provides rigidity for flight
41
Is there lots of caudal vertebra in aves vertebral column?
Few
42
In mammalian vertebrae, where are the ribs only found?
Thoracic region
43
How many cervical vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?
Seven
44
How many thoracic vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?
15-20
45
How many sacral vertebra are in the mammalian vertebral column?
2-3 and they are fused
46
What is the intervertebral disc?
Consists of a central gel (nucleus pulpsus), remains of the notochord
47
How many vertebra does a sloth have?
8
48
How do neural spines orientate themselves?
Parallel to forces from cranial and caudal musculature
49
To increase force you need to increase?
Either increase muscles or increase height of neural spine
50
The height of neural spine is proportional to?
The mechanical leverage muscles placed in them for stability
51
Where do ribs develop between?
Myosepta in the lateral body wall and extend from dorsal to ventral
52
What are the functions of ribs?
To divide the body wall, protect visceral organs and allow for muscle attachment
53
What are the fish ribs associated with?
The trunk region
54
What are the two sets of ribs in fish?
Ventral and dorsal
55
How long are the ribs in amphibians?
They are short, except in limbless amphibians where they play an important role in locomotion
56
Describe the ribs in reptiles?
Typical and long
57
Where do lizards have ribs?
In cervical and thoracic regions
58
Why is the lumbar ribs reduced?
To aid in locomotion
59
What are the ribs like in snakes?
Snakes have ribs almost entire length of their body and tail
60
Where do Draco have ribs?
In the mid-thoracic region that assists in gliding
61
What are avian ribs like?
Thin and broad
62
What is the function of ribs in aves?
To support muscle attachment needed for flight
63
How many ribs in cervical region of aves?
A few pairs
64
In Aves, are the thoracic ribs floating or true?
The first thoracic ribs are floating and then the rest are true
65
What happens in the uncinated process?
This process reinforces the rib cage aid in flight and breathing mechanics
66
Where are mammalian ribs only present in?
Thoracic region
67
What do mammalian ribs attach to?
Centrum and transverse process of vertebrae
68
What are the functions of a sternum?
Help strengthen body wall, helps protect viscera, may assist in respiration and origin for pectoral muscles.
69
What is different with a birds sternum?
It has a keel
70
What is the function of a keel?
A site for muscle attachment using in flight
71
What's another word used for keel on a birds sternum?
Carina
72
The mammalian sternum is composed of?
Several sternabrae
73
How does the mammalian sternum develop?
From Union two lateral bars
74
Why is the fish vertebral column undifferentiated?
Due to not supporting tail
75
In what way in homocercal tails do Hemal spine elongate and match the neural spines?
Ventrally
76
How does regionalisation occur?
From increased impact of gravity and force of locomotion
77
What is the function of the vertebral column in amphibians?
Strength of weight bearing on land
78
What does the vertebrae articulate with in amphibians?
Centra and zygapophyses
79
Describe the intervertebral articulations in mammalian vertebrae
Flat
80
The sternum is entirely?
A tetrapod structure
81
In what species is the sternum absent?
In limbless reptiles and amphibians

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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