Locomotive Adaptations Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 vertebrates?
A
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
2
Q
Do Agnatha fish have girdles?
A
Nope
3
Q
What does it mean by a cartilaginous fish?
A
A fish that consists only of cartilage
4
Q
Describe the bones that are in bony fishes
A
Ossified scapula and coracoid (usually small), ventral clavicle (usually reduced), cleithrum (enlarged) and supracleithrum
5
Q
Describe the bones in an amphibian
A
Ossified scapula and coracoid, no cleithra, glenoid cavity appears for first time and no inter clavicle
6
Q
Describe the bones in a reptile
A
Coracoid and scapulae generally present , also clavicles and interclavicles and no pectoral girdle in snakes
7
Q
In birds, the clavicles are fused to form?
A
A furcula
8
Q
What do humans call a furcula?
A
A wishbone
9
Q
What are the coracoid and scapula like in a bird?
A
Long and slender
10
Q
What type of pectoral girdle does monotremes have?
A
Reptilian like
11
Q
In all other mammals the interclavicle and reptilian coracoid are?
A
Missing
12
Q
In what species are clavicles sometimes reduced or absent?
A
Ungulates and rodents
13
Q
What is the scapula divided by?
A
The spine into supraspinous and infra spinous fossae for muscle attachment
14
Q
What are primitive elasmobranchs?
A
Stiff, triangular paired fins
15
Q
Why are base and fin in the same horizontal plane?
A
Used as stabilisers to maintain fish in horizontal plane and probably insignificant in locomotion
16
Q
What are the three single fins called?
A
Dorsal, anal and caudal
17
Q
What are the paired fins?
A
Pectoral and pelvic fins
18
Q
Describe dermal fin rays
A
Slender rods, keratinised in elasmobranchs and ossified or chondrified in bony fishes
19
Q
What are the different types of fins?
A
Ray fins, fin fold fins and lobed fins
20
Q
What are fin fold fins like?
A
Broad base
21
Q
What are Ray fins like?
A
Very flexible fins, lost components of basal skeleton, some have no pelvic fins
22
Q
Are spiny fins extinct?
A
Yes
23
Q
What is an example of a lobe finned fish?
A
Lungfishes
24
Q
An example of a crossopterygians
A
Latimeria (Coelacanth)
25
What are the three functions of fins?
Stability, braking action and steering
26
What is stability in relation to function of fins?
Fins projecting from streamline body
27
What type of fins use braking action in relation to function of fins?
Paired fins
28
What is steering in relation to function of fins?
Control direction of movement
29
What fin has the greatest role in forward locomotion?
Caudal because it sweeps tail side to side
30
How do fish achieve forward propulsion?
By lateral flexion of vertebrae caused by axial musculature
31
What does the movement of the tail exert?
A backward and lateral force against the resistance of the water
32
How does the lateral component minimise the fish to move sideways?
The fact that the body is large and its tail or momentum is more difficult to overcome
33
Early tetrapods limbs developed from?
Lobe-finned crossopterygians
34
Describe the early tetrapods
Short limbs, first segment almost horizontal, second segment perpendicular to first and toes tended to point laterally
35
What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Stylopodium?
Segment: upper arm
Bone: humerus
36
What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Stylopodium?
Segment: Thigh
Bone: femur
37
What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Zeugopodium?
Segment: shank (leg)
Bones: Tibia and Fibula
38
What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Zeugopodium?
Segment: Forearm
Bones: Radius and Ulna
39
What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Autopodium?
Segment: Manus - wrist, Palm, fingers
Bones: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
40
What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Autopodium?
Segment: Pes - Ankle, Sole, Toes
Bones: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
41
What are the function of limbs?
Locomotion and tool
42
What was wrong with the primitive crossopterygians muscles that meant they couldn't support body out of the water?
They were too weak
43
What was the new factor of lifting of limb?
Axial torque of vertebral column
44
Stability can be gained by?
Buoyancy, tail on ground and belly walking
45
Sprawled posture employed by urodeles and some reptiles is inefficient in terms of?
Energy expenditure
46
What is body weight supported by?
Adductor muscles
47
What is an example of inefficient locomotion?
Over arm swing with each step
48
How do you improve efficiency of walking with bipedalism?
Hind limbs lengthened and strengthened and also knees rotated anteriorly to a position essentially underneath body
49
How do you improve efficiency in walking in quadrupedalism?
Knees rotates anteriorly and elbow rotated posteriorly and brought closer to body
50
What are the three advantages of changed limb posture?
Body weight now supported by rigid bones
Increase efficiency of limb swing
Change in flexion of vertebral column from lateral flexion to vertical flexion and extension which increases stride length
51
Why do frogs have a high energy expenditure?
Due to their orientation of their bone structure
52
What are the 4 terrestrial modes of locomotion?
Cursorial, fossorial, saltatorial and arboreal
53
What is the terrestrial mode cursorial?
Fast running, e.g. Antelope, horse, cheetah and some lizards
54
What is the terrestrial mode fossorial?
Digging or burrowing, e.g. Rabbits, sand snake and some rodents
55
What is the terrestrial mode saltatorial?
Hopping, e.g. Kangaroo, frog and hare
56
What does the terrestrial mode Arboreal subdivide into?
Scansorial and brachiation
57
What is scansorial?
Climbing with claws. E.g. Squirrel and nuthatch
58
What is brachiation?
Hands grips branch and body swings beneath, e.g. Monkeys and chimpanzees
59
What are the 4 locomotion of a snake?
Lateral undulation/serpentine
Rectilinear
Concertina
Sidewinder
60
What is lateral undulation of a snakes locomotion?
Various areas of the snakes body are pushing simultaneously against a number of fixed points. As the snake moves forward new contact point are made
61
What is concertina of a snakes locomotion?
Common in burrowing snakes. While the back half of the body acts as an anchor the front half is pushed forward. The back half is then drawn forward
62
What is rectilinear of a snakes locomotion?
The edges of the scales act as anchor points and the muscles then pull the body up to that point. Involves waves of bilaterally symmetrical muscle contractions
63
What is sidewinding in snakes locomotion?
Similar to concertina but the angle of movement is at 45 degrees to the direction that the snake is pointing
64
What is the speed of an Ostrich?
80kmh
65
What is the speed of a whippet?
55kmh
66
What is the speed of a human?
37kmh
67
What is the speed of a horse?
70kmh
68
What is the speed of a pronghorn deer?
98kmh
69
What is the speed of a red fox?
72kmh
70
What is the speed of a cheetah?
120kmh
71
How do you achieve speed?
Speed = length of stride X rate of stride
72
For greater stride the legs must be?
Long
73
The radius and ulna are usually longer than?
Proximal segment
74
What would longer metacarpals and metatarsals do to stride?
Increase stride length
75
Scapula is more mobile in?
Mammals which increases length of stride
76
Why does the scapula re orientate to side, not over the back?
So it rotates in the same plane
77
In what species does lateral flexion of the spine occur?
In lizards and amphibians
78
In what type of mammals does vertical flexion of the spine occur?
Quadrupedal mammals
79
What does an increase in back flexion cause?
An increase rotation of girdles and increase swing of legs
80
What are unsupported intervals?
When all four feet off the ground in period of suspension
81
Muscles crossing a joint can be attached close to or far from what?
The joint centre of rotation
82
Proximal insertion is important because?
Moving parts swings though large distance
83
Distal insertion is important because?
Moving parts swings through small distance
84
Lighten distal end of limb reduces?
Muscle mass and digits
85
How many digits does a rodent, rabbit and carnivore have?
4
86
How many digits does a rhino and tapirs have?
3
87
How many digits do sheep, pigs and camels have?
2
88
How many digits does a horse have?
1
89
What is stride?
When one food hits the ground. In humans, it's is called the heel strike until the next time that foot hits the ground
90
What does gait mean
A pattern of footfalls with regularly repeated sequence
91
An amble gait is?
A lateral sequence
92
A walking gait is?
Diagonal sequence
93
Describe trot
Left anterior and right posterior together. This usually in animals with broader body or lizards with sprayed legs
94
Describe pace
Left feet then right feet together. Long legged animals, unstable in short legged animals
95
Describe gallop
Have period of suspension when, legs gathered under animal (horse), legs stretched out fore and hind (deer) and both of these put together (cheetah)
96
Describe pronk
All four feet on ground simultaneously and then period of suspension
97
In saltation and bipedal running, you can achieve faster acceleration from?
Rest
98
In saltation and bipedal running, you can alter speed and direction faster or slower?
Faster
99
What are saltators?
Long hind limbs, relatively long distal segments and forelimbs used in slow progression and food handling
100
The first role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?
Counterbalance fore part of body
101
The second role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?
Used as a prop - 3rd point of support
102
The third role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?
Used to change direction causing a lash in air
103
Why is the upright posture fundamentally unstable?
It has only two supports and large part of body weight above centre of gravity
104
What are the three changes to achieve upright posture?
Front of body lifted 30 degrees
Upper part of pelvis titled back, rotating vertebral column another 30degrees
Lumbar region of vertebral column curves the last 30 degrees
105
Describe the bones in birds?
Clavicles which are fused (furcula), coracoid, scapula, procaracoid, interclavicle and sternum
106
What bones are involved in the pectoral girdle of humans?
Clavicle, acromion, manubrium, glenoid cavity, scapula
107
What are the joints in a human pectoral girdle?
Acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint
108
Proximal insertion is?
Speed
109
Distal insertion is?
Strength
110
What are the three different foot postures?
Plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade
111
Examples of plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade?
```
Plantigrade = bear
Digitigrade = dog
Unguligrade = deer
```
112
Describe what happens in plantigrade
Carpals, metacarpals and digits on ground
113
Describe what happens in digitigrade
Walks on ends of metacarpals
114
Describe what happens in unguligrade
Walks on tips of remaining digits
115
Describe the bones in birds?
Clavicles which are fused (furcula), coracoid, scapula, procaracoid, interclavicle and sternum
116
Why are some belly walking fishes and tetrapods inherently instable?
Because centre of gravity balanced on thin line between supports
117
Why is a tail not necessary in bipedal human?
Due to humans having an upright posture
