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Comparative Anatomy > Locomotive Adaptations > Flashcards

Locomotive Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 vertebrates?

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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2
Q

Do Agnatha fish have girdles?

A

Nope

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3
Q

What does it mean by a cartilaginous fish?

A

A fish that consists only of cartilage

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4
Q

Describe the bones that are in bony fishes

A

Ossified scapula and coracoid (usually small), ventral clavicle (usually reduced), cleithrum (enlarged) and supracleithrum

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5
Q

Describe the bones in an amphibian

A

Ossified scapula and coracoid, no cleithra, glenoid cavity appears for first time and no inter clavicle

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6
Q

Describe the bones in a reptile

A

Coracoid and scapulae generally present , also clavicles and interclavicles and no pectoral girdle in snakes

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7
Q

In birds, the clavicles are fused to form?

A

A furcula

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8
Q

What do humans call a furcula?

A

A wishbone

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9
Q

What are the coracoid and scapula like in a bird?

A

Long and slender

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10
Q

What type of pectoral girdle does monotremes have?

A

Reptilian like

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11
Q

In all other mammals the interclavicle and reptilian coracoid are?

A

Missing

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12
Q

In what species are clavicles sometimes reduced or absent?

A

Ungulates and rodents

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13
Q

What is the scapula divided by?

A

The spine into supraspinous and infra spinous fossae for muscle attachment

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14
Q

What are primitive elasmobranchs?

A

Stiff, triangular paired fins

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15
Q

Why are base and fin in the same horizontal plane?

A

Used as stabilisers to maintain fish in horizontal plane and probably insignificant in locomotion

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16
Q

What are the three single fins called?

A

Dorsal, anal and caudal

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17
Q

What are the paired fins?

A

Pectoral and pelvic fins

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18
Q

Describe dermal fin rays

A

Slender rods, keratinised in elasmobranchs and ossified or chondrified in bony fishes

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19
Q

What are the different types of fins?

A

Ray fins, fin fold fins and lobed fins

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20
Q

What are fin fold fins like?

A

Broad base

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21
Q

What are Ray fins like?

A

Very flexible fins, lost components of basal skeleton, some have no pelvic fins

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22
Q

Are spiny fins extinct?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What is an example of a lobe finned fish?

A

Lungfishes

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24
Q

An example of a crossopterygians

A

Latimeria (Coelacanth)

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25
Q

What are the three functions of fins?

A

Stability, braking action and steering

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26
Q

What is stability in relation to function of fins?

A

Fins projecting from streamline body

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27
Q

What type of fins use braking action in relation to function of fins?

A

Paired fins

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28
Q

What is steering in relation to function of fins?

A

Control direction of movement

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29
Q

What fin has the greatest role in forward locomotion?

A

Caudal because it sweeps tail side to side

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30
Q

How do fish achieve forward propulsion?

A

By lateral flexion of vertebrae caused by axial musculature

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31
Q

What does the movement of the tail exert?

A

A backward and lateral force against the resistance of the water

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32
Q

How does the lateral component minimise the fish to move sideways?

A

The fact that the body is large and its tail or momentum is more difficult to overcome

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33
Q

Early tetrapods limbs developed from?

A

Lobe-finned crossopterygians

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34
Q

Describe the early tetrapods

A

Short limbs, first segment almost horizontal, second segment perpendicular to first and toes tended to point laterally

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35
Q

What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Stylopodium?

A

Segment: upper arm
Bone: humerus

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36
Q

What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Stylopodium?

A

Segment: Thigh
Bone: femur

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37
Q

What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Zeugopodium?

A

Segment: shank (leg)
Bones: Tibia and Fibula

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38
Q

What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Zeugopodium?

A

Segment: Forearm
Bones: Radius and Ulna

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39
Q

What are the segment and bones of the forelimb for a Autopodium?

A

Segment: Manus - wrist, Palm, fingers
Bones: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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40
Q

What are the segment and bones of the hindlimb for a Autopodium?

A

Segment: Pes - Ankle, Sole, Toes
Bones: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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41
Q

What are the function of limbs?

A

Locomotion and tool

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42
Q

What was wrong with the primitive crossopterygians muscles that meant they couldn’t support body out of the water?

A

They were too weak

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43
Q

What was the new factor of lifting of limb?

A

Axial torque of vertebral column

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44
Q

Stability can be gained by?

A

Buoyancy, tail on ground and belly walking

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45
Q

Sprawled posture employed by urodeles and some reptiles is inefficient in terms of?

A

Energy expenditure

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46
Q

What is body weight supported by?

A

Adductor muscles

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47
Q

What is an example of inefficient locomotion?

A

Over arm swing with each step

48
Q

How do you improve efficiency of walking with bipedalism?

A

Hind limbs lengthened and strengthened and also knees rotated anteriorly to a position essentially underneath body

49
Q

How do you improve efficiency in walking in quadrupedalism?

A

Knees rotates anteriorly and elbow rotated posteriorly and brought closer to body

50
Q

What are the three advantages of changed limb posture?

A

Body weight now supported by rigid bones
Increase efficiency of limb swing
Change in flexion of vertebral column from lateral flexion to vertical flexion and extension which increases stride length

51
Q

Why do frogs have a high energy expenditure?

A

Due to their orientation of their bone structure

52
Q

What are the 4 terrestrial modes of locomotion?

A

Cursorial, fossorial, saltatorial and arboreal

53
Q

What is the terrestrial mode cursorial?

A

Fast running, e.g. Antelope, horse, cheetah and some lizards

54
Q

What is the terrestrial mode fossorial?

A

Digging or burrowing, e.g. Rabbits, sand snake and some rodents

55
Q

What is the terrestrial mode saltatorial?

A

Hopping, e.g. Kangaroo, frog and hare

56
Q

What does the terrestrial mode Arboreal subdivide into?

A

Scansorial and brachiation

57
Q

What is scansorial?

A

Climbing with claws. E.g. Squirrel and nuthatch

58
Q

What is brachiation?

A

Hands grips branch and body swings beneath, e.g. Monkeys and chimpanzees

59
Q

What are the 4 locomotion of a snake?

A

Lateral undulation/serpentine
Rectilinear
Concertina
Sidewinder

60
Q

What is lateral undulation of a snakes locomotion?

A

Various areas of the snakes body are pushing simultaneously against a number of fixed points. As the snake moves forward new contact point are made

61
Q

What is concertina of a snakes locomotion?

A

Common in burrowing snakes. While the back half of the body acts as an anchor the front half is pushed forward. The back half is then drawn forward

62
Q

What is rectilinear of a snakes locomotion?

A

The edges of the scales act as anchor points and the muscles then pull the body up to that point. Involves waves of bilaterally symmetrical muscle contractions

63
Q

What is sidewinding in snakes locomotion?

A

Similar to concertina but the angle of movement is at 45 degrees to the direction that the snake is pointing

64
Q

What is the speed of an Ostrich?

A

80kmh

65
Q

What is the speed of a whippet?

A

55kmh

66
Q

What is the speed of a human?

A

37kmh

67
Q

What is the speed of a horse?

A

70kmh

68
Q

What is the speed of a pronghorn deer?

A

98kmh

69
Q

What is the speed of a red fox?

A

72kmh

70
Q

What is the speed of a cheetah?

A

120kmh

71
Q

How do you achieve speed?

A

Speed = length of stride X rate of stride

72
Q

For greater stride the legs must be?

A

Long

73
Q

The radius and ulna are usually longer than?

A

Proximal segment

74
Q

What would longer metacarpals and metatarsals do to stride?

A

Increase stride length

75
Q

Scapula is more mobile in?

A

Mammals which increases length of stride

76
Q

Why does the scapula re orientate to side, not over the back?

A

So it rotates in the same plane

77
Q

In what species does lateral flexion of the spine occur?

A

In lizards and amphibians

78
Q

In what type of mammals does vertical flexion of the spine occur?

A

Quadrupedal mammals

79
Q

What does an increase in back flexion cause?

A

An increase rotation of girdles and increase swing of legs

80
Q

What are unsupported intervals?

A

When all four feet off the ground in period of suspension

81
Q

Muscles crossing a joint can be attached close to or far from what?

A

The joint centre of rotation

82
Q

Proximal insertion is important because?

A

Moving parts swings though large distance

83
Q

Distal insertion is important because?

A

Moving parts swings through small distance

84
Q

Lighten distal end of limb reduces?

A

Muscle mass and digits

85
Q

How many digits does a rodent, rabbit and carnivore have?

A

4

86
Q

How many digits does a rhino and tapirs have?

A

3

87
Q

How many digits do sheep, pigs and camels have?

A

2

88
Q

How many digits does a horse have?

A

1

89
Q

What is stride?

A

When one food hits the ground. In humans, it’s is called the heel strike until the next time that foot hits the ground

90
Q

What does gait mean

A

A pattern of footfalls with regularly repeated sequence

91
Q

An amble gait is?

A

A lateral sequence

92
Q

A walking gait is?

A

Diagonal sequence

93
Q

Describe trot

A

Left anterior and right posterior together. This usually in animals with broader body or lizards with sprayed legs

94
Q

Describe pace

A

Left feet then right feet together. Long legged animals, unstable in short legged animals

95
Q

Describe gallop

A

Have period of suspension when, legs gathered under animal (horse), legs stretched out fore and hind (deer) and both of these put together (cheetah)

96
Q

Describe pronk

A

All four feet on ground simultaneously and then period of suspension

97
Q

In saltation and bipedal running, you can achieve faster acceleration from?

A

Rest

98
Q

In saltation and bipedal running, you can alter speed and direction faster or slower?

A

Faster

99
Q

What are saltators?

A

Long hind limbs, relatively long distal segments and forelimbs used in slow progression and food handling

100
Q

The first role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?

A

Counterbalance fore part of body

101
Q

The second role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?

A

Used as a prop - 3rd point of support

102
Q

The third role of the tail in bipedal reptiles and ricochetal mammals is?

A

Used to change direction causing a lash in air

103
Q

Why is the upright posture fundamentally unstable?

A

It has only two supports and large part of body weight above centre of gravity

104
Q

What are the three changes to achieve upright posture?

A

Front of body lifted 30 degrees
Upper part of pelvis titled back, rotating vertebral column another 30degrees
Lumbar region of vertebral column curves the last 30 degrees

105
Q

Describe the bones in birds?

A

Clavicles which are fused (furcula), coracoid, scapula, procaracoid, interclavicle and sternum

106
Q

What bones are involved in the pectoral girdle of humans?

A

Clavicle, acromion, manubrium, glenoid cavity, scapula

107
Q

What are the joints in a human pectoral girdle?

A

Acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint

108
Q

Proximal insertion is?

A

Speed

109
Q

Distal insertion is?

A

Strength

110
Q

What are the three different foot postures?

A

Plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade

111
Q

Examples of plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade?

A 
Plantigrade = bear
Digitigrade = dog 
Unguligrade = deer
112
Q

Describe what happens in plantigrade

A

Carpals, metacarpals and digits on ground

113
Q

Describe what happens in digitigrade

A

Walks on ends of metacarpals

114
Q

Describe what happens in unguligrade

A

Walks on tips of remaining digits

115
Q

Describe the bones in birds?

A

Clavicles which are fused (furcula), coracoid, scapula, procaracoid, interclavicle and sternum

116
Q

Why are some belly walking fishes and tetrapods inherently instable?

A

Because centre of gravity balanced on thin line between supports

117
Q

Why is a tail not necessary in bipedal human?

A

Due to humans having an upright posture

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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