Skull Mammals Flashcards
1
Q
What is a process
A
It sticks out and usually forms muscle attachment
2
Q
What is a Condyle?
A
Convex part of joint. E.g. Ball
3
Q
What is a fossa?
A
Indentation. E.g. Socket
4
Q
What is a foramen?
A
Hole through which nerves and vessels pass
5
Q
What is the skull?
A
Entire skeletal framework of the head
6
Q
What is the mandible?
A
Lower jaw
7
Q
What is the cranium?
A
Skull without mandible
8
Q
What is the neurocranium?
A
Encases brain
9
Q
What is the calvaria?
A
The skull cap top of neurocranium
10
Q
What is the Basicranium?
A
The bottom of neurocranium
11
Q
What is the Splanchnocranium?
A
Facial skeleton
12
Q
What is another word for Splanchnocranium?
A
Vicerocranium
13
Q
How many bones are joined at sutures?
A
22
14
Q
What are the cranial bones?
A
Sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, frontal bone, occipital bone, 2 parietal bones and 2 temporal bones
15
Q
What are meninges?
A
Membranes around the brain
16
Q
What are the facial bones?
A
2 maxillae (1 maxilla), 2 zygomatic bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, vomer and mandible
17
Q
Are the facial bones in contact with meninges?
A
Nope
18
Q
Are the cranial bones in contact with the meninges?
A
Yes
19
Q
What is the frontal bone?
A
Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium and also the orbit. Contains frontal sinus
20
Q
What is the occipital bone?
A
Rear and majority of base of the skull
21
Q
Where does the skull rest?
A
On atlas on occipital condyles
22
Q
What do nuchal lines mark?
A
Neck muscle attachments
23
Q
What are the 4 sutures that border the parietal bone?
A
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
24
Q
What connects the 2 parietal bones?
A
The Sagittal suture
25
What is the shape of temporalis muscle?
Fan shaped
26
What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?
Inferior temporal line
27
What is the insertion of the temporalis muscle?
Coronoid process and anterior surface of ramus of mandible
28
What is the action of temporalis muscle?
Elevate mandible and close jaw
29
What shape is the masseter muscle?
Large rectangular muscle
30
What is the origin of the masseter muscle?
Zygomatic process of maxilla and lower border of zygomatic arch
31
What is the insertion of the masseter muscle?
Ramus of mandible
32
What is the action of masseter muscle?
Elevate mandible and occlude teeth
33
Where is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formed?
Between the mandibular fossa of temporal bone and condyloid process of mandible
34
What are the attachment of muscles of mastication?
Temporalis muscle onto coronoid process
| Masseter muscle onto angle of mandible
35
What is the temporal bone?
Forms lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity
36
What is the zygomatic bone?
Cheekbone and lateral orbital wall
37
What is the zygomatic arch formed of?
Temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
38
What is the maxilla?
Forms the upper jaw
39
What is the ethmoid bone?
Roof of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum
40
What is the turbinate bone?
Scroll shape of bone that has an effect on movement of air
41
How many turbinates do humans have?
Three
42
What is the palatine bone?
Part of the nasal wall and orbital floor
43
What shape is the parietal bone?
L-shaped
44
What does the lacrimal bones form?
Part of medial wall of each orbit
45
What happens in the lacrimal sac?
Tears collect and drain into nasal cavity
46
What is the nasal bone?
Bridge of the nose that supports nasal cartilage
47
What is the vomer?
Inferior half of nasal septum that supports nasal cartilage
48
What is Neanderthal?
No chin, but very close relative
49
What happens when brain size increases?
Face rotates downwards
50
What is the position of foramen magnum linked to bipedalism?
Spine rotates downwards as animal stands up
51
What is the Sagittal crest in Carnivora like?
Large but not in all carnivores
52
What are the orbits like in Carnivora?
Forward facing orbits with binocular vision = deep perception
53
What is the TMJ like in Carnivora?
Tight TMJ, powerful bite but unsuitable for grinding
54
What is the nuchal crest in Carnivora like?
It is pronounced for strong neck muscles
55
Mixed dentition for Carnivora?
Large canine teeth, crushing molars, distinct carnassial teeth behind canines
56
What are Artiodactyla?
Hooved animals
57
Is there a sagittal crest in Artiodactyla?
Nope
58
Describe the orbits in Artiodactyla
Face laterally, excellent peripheral vision, poor binocular vision
59
Describe the TMJ in Artiodactyla?
Loose TMJ, allows sideways grinding = large masseter muscles.
60
Describe the dentition of Artiodactyla
Molars continuously grow, groves in teeth produced by sideways grinding, no upper incisors: lower incisors meet a bony plate on upper jaw, large gap between incisors and molars and they lack canine teeth
61
What is the nuchal crest like in Artiodactyla?
Narrow
62
Describe the orbits in Rodentia?
Face laterally
63
Does Rodentia have a tight TMJ or loose TMJ?
Loose TMJ
64
Does Rodentia have a sagittal crest?
Nope
65
Describe the dentition of Rodentia?
4 incisors, enamel only on front surface (softer dentin behind), don't meet directly therefore sharpen each other, no canines between incisors and molars, large molars
66
What is the function of the facial bones?
To support teeth and form nasal cavity and orbits
67
What does the foramen magnum encircle?
Spinal cord
68
What is the external occipital protuberance for?
Nuchal ligaments
69
What passes behind the zygomatic arch?
Muscle fibres
70
What is the function of the mandible?
Holds lower teeth
71
What is within the temporal bone?
Middle and inner ear and also the ossicles
72
What is within the ethmoid bone?
Superior and middle turbinates on lateral wall
73
What is another word for turbinates?
Concha
74
What is the inferior turbinate not apart of?
Ethmoid or maxilla
75
Why do mammals with snouts have more complex skeletal structures?
Linked to sense of smell
76
The lacrimal fossa houses?
Lacrimal sac
77
Describe the antlers in Artiodactyla
They are temporary, often annual (breeding season).
Not bone but the skull has bony supports
Sometimes canines present and modified into tusks
78
What is Lagomorpha similar to?
Rodents
79
How are the Lagomorpha and rodents similar?
The front incisors resemble a rodents but another smaller pair sits behind them
80
How many incisors does a Lagomorpha have?
4
81
Where are turbinates located?
In the nasal cavities
82
What is the mandibular foramen?
An opening in the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible
83
What is the function of the mandibular foramen?
For mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass though
84
What is the mental foramen?
An opening on the anterior surface of the mandible
85
What is the function of the mental foramen?
Transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels.
86
How many air sinuses are within a sphenoid bone?
Two
87
Within the sphenoid bone, there are medial and lateral?
Pterygoid processes
88
Within the sphenoid there are what two types of wings?
Lesser and greater
89
What are the two foramen found in the maxilla?
Infraorbital foramen and incisive foramen
90
Where does the temporalis fascia attach to?
The superior of the temporal lines which attaches to the zygomatic arch
91
What is the temporalis muscle supplied by?
The mandibular nerve
92
What vessels and nerves passes along the temporalis muscle?
Superficial temporalis nerves and cutaneous nerves
93
What runs superficial to the masseter muscle?
Facial artery,
Parotid duct,
Facial nerve branches
94
What is the masseter muscle supplied by?
The mandibular nerve
95
Where does the mandibular nerve pass through?
Mandibular notch
