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Comparative Anatomy > Skull Mammals > Flashcards

Skull Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a process

A

It sticks out and usually forms muscle attachment

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2
Q

What is a Condyle?

A

Convex part of joint. E.g. Ball

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3
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Indentation. E.g. Socket

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4
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Hole through which nerves and vessels pass

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5
Q

What is the skull?

A

Entire skeletal framework of the head

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6
Q

What is the mandible?

A

Lower jaw

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7
Q

What is the cranium?

A

Skull without mandible

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8
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Encases brain

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9
Q

What is the calvaria?

A

The skull cap top of neurocranium

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10
Q

What is the Basicranium?

A

The bottom of neurocranium

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11
Q

What is the Splanchnocranium?

A

Facial skeleton

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12
Q

What is another word for Splanchnocranium?

A

Vicerocranium

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13
Q

How many bones are joined at sutures?

A

22

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14
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A

Sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, frontal bone, occipital bone, 2 parietal bones and 2 temporal bones

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15
Q

What are meninges?

A

Membranes around the brain

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16
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

2 maxillae (1 maxilla), 2 zygomatic bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, vomer and mandible

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17
Q

Are the facial bones in contact with meninges?

A

Nope

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18
Q

Are the cranial bones in contact with the meninges?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What is the frontal bone?

A

Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium and also the orbit. Contains frontal sinus

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20
Q

What is the occipital bone?

A

Rear and majority of base of the skull

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21
Q

Where does the skull rest?

A

On atlas on occipital condyles

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22
Q

What do nuchal lines mark?

A

Neck muscle attachments

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23
Q

What are the 4 sutures that border the parietal bone?

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous

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24
Q

What connects the 2 parietal bones?

A

The Sagittal suture

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25
Q

What is the shape of temporalis muscle?

A

Fan shaped

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26
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?

A

Inferior temporal line

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27
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis muscle?

A

Coronoid process and anterior surface of ramus of mandible

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28
Q

What is the action of temporalis muscle?

A

Elevate mandible and close jaw

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29
Q

What shape is the masseter muscle?

A

Large rectangular muscle

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30
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

Zygomatic process of maxilla and lower border of zygomatic arch

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31
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter muscle?

A

Ramus of mandible

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32
Q

What is the action of masseter muscle?

A

Elevate mandible and occlude teeth

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33
Q

Where is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formed?

A

Between the mandibular fossa of temporal bone and condyloid process of mandible

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34
Q

What are the attachment of muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis muscle onto coronoid process

Masseter muscle onto angle of mandible

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35
Q

What is the temporal bone?

A

Forms lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

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36
Q

What is the zygomatic bone?

A

Cheekbone and lateral orbital wall

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37
Q

What is the zygomatic arch formed of?

A

Temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

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38
Q

What is the maxilla?

A

Forms the upper jaw

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39
Q

What is the ethmoid bone?

A

Roof of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum

40
Q

What is the turbinate bone?

A

Scroll shape of bone that has an effect on movement of air

41
Q

How many turbinates do humans have?

A

Three

42
Q

What is the palatine bone?

A

Part of the nasal wall and orbital floor

43
Q

What shape is the parietal bone?

A

L-shaped

44
Q

What does the lacrimal bones form?

A

Part of medial wall of each orbit

45
Q

What happens in the lacrimal sac?

A

Tears collect and drain into nasal cavity

46
Q

What is the nasal bone?

A

Bridge of the nose that supports nasal cartilage

47
Q

What is the vomer?

A

Inferior half of nasal septum that supports nasal cartilage

48
Q

What is Neanderthal?

A

No chin, but very close relative

49
Q

What happens when brain size increases?

A

Face rotates downwards

50
Q

What is the position of foramen magnum linked to bipedalism?

A

Spine rotates downwards as animal stands up

51
Q

What is the Sagittal crest in Carnivora like?

A

Large but not in all carnivores

52
Q

What are the orbits like in Carnivora?

A

Forward facing orbits with binocular vision = deep perception

53
Q

What is the TMJ like in Carnivora?

A

Tight TMJ, powerful bite but unsuitable for grinding

54
Q

What is the nuchal crest in Carnivora like?

A

It is pronounced for strong neck muscles

55
Q

Mixed dentition for Carnivora?

A

Large canine teeth, crushing molars, distinct carnassial teeth behind canines

56
Q

What are Artiodactyla?

A

Hooved animals

57
Q

Is there a sagittal crest in Artiodactyla?

A

Nope

58
Q

Describe the orbits in Artiodactyla

A

Face laterally, excellent peripheral vision, poor binocular vision

59
Q

Describe the TMJ in Artiodactyla?

A

Loose TMJ, allows sideways grinding = large masseter muscles.

60
Q

Describe the dentition of Artiodactyla

A

Molars continuously grow, groves in teeth produced by sideways grinding, no upper incisors: lower incisors meet a bony plate on upper jaw, large gap between incisors and molars and they lack canine teeth

61
Q

What is the nuchal crest like in Artiodactyla?

A

Narrow

62
Q

Describe the orbits in Rodentia?

A

Face laterally

63
Q

Does Rodentia have a tight TMJ or loose TMJ?

A

Loose TMJ

64
Q

Does Rodentia have a sagittal crest?

A

Nope

65
Q

Describe the dentition of Rodentia?

A

4 incisors, enamel only on front surface (softer dentin behind), don’t meet directly therefore sharpen each other, no canines between incisors and molars, large molars

66
Q

What is the function of the facial bones?

A

To support teeth and form nasal cavity and orbits

67
Q

What does the foramen magnum encircle?

A

Spinal cord

68
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance for?

A

Nuchal ligaments

69
Q

What passes behind the zygomatic arch?

A

Muscle fibres

70
Q

What is the function of the mandible?

A

Holds lower teeth

71
Q

What is within the temporal bone?

A

Middle and inner ear and also the ossicles

72
Q

What is within the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior and middle turbinates on lateral wall

73
Q

What is another word for turbinates?

A

Concha

74
Q

What is the inferior turbinate not apart of?

A

Ethmoid or maxilla

75
Q

Why do mammals with snouts have more complex skeletal structures?

A

Linked to sense of smell

76
Q

The lacrimal fossa houses?

A

Lacrimal sac

77
Q

Describe the antlers in Artiodactyla

A

They are temporary, often annual (breeding season).

Not bone but the skull has bony supports

Sometimes canines present and modified into tusks

78
Q

What is Lagomorpha similar to?

A

Rodents

79
Q

How are the Lagomorpha and rodents similar?

A

The front incisors resemble a rodents but another smaller pair sits behind them

80
Q

How many incisors does a Lagomorpha have?

A

4

81
Q

Where are turbinates located?

A

In the nasal cavities

82
Q

What is the mandibular foramen?

A

An opening in the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible

83
Q

What is the function of the mandibular foramen?

A

For mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass though

84
Q

What is the mental foramen?

A

An opening on the anterior surface of the mandible

85
Q

What is the function of the mental foramen?

A

Transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels.

86
Q

How many air sinuses are within a sphenoid bone?

A

Two

87
Q

Within the sphenoid bone, there are medial and lateral?

A

Pterygoid processes

88
Q

Within the sphenoid there are what two types of wings?

A

Lesser and greater

89
Q

What are the two foramen found in the maxilla?

A

Infraorbital foramen and incisive foramen

90
Q

Where does the temporalis fascia attach to?

A

The superior of the temporal lines which attaches to the zygomatic arch

91
Q

What is the temporalis muscle supplied by?

A

The mandibular nerve

92
Q

What vessels and nerves passes along the temporalis muscle?

A

Superficial temporalis nerves and cutaneous nerves

93
Q

What runs superficial to the masseter muscle?

A

Facial artery,
Parotid duct,
Facial nerve branches

94
Q

What is the masseter muscle supplied by?

A

The mandibular nerve

95
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve pass through?

A

Mandibular notch

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

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