Skull and meninges

Question 1

Which structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 1

Trochlear n. Abducens n. Occulomotor n. Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal n.

Question 2

Which structures pass through the optic canal?

Answer 2

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Question 3

Which structure passes through foramen rotundum?

Answer 3

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 4

Which structure passes through foramen ovale?

Answer 4

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 5

Which skull foramen does the optic nerve pass through?

Answer 5

Optic canal

Question 6

Which skull foramen does the trochlear nerve pass through?

Answer 6

Superior orbital fissure

Question 7

Which skull foramen does the abducens nerve pass through?

Answer 7

Superior orbital fissure

Question 8

Which skull foramen does the occulomotor nerve pass through?

Answer 8

Superior orbital fissure

Question 9

Which skull foramen does the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

Answer 9

Superior orbital fissure

Question 10

Which skull foramen does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

Answer 10

Foramen rotundum

Question 11

Which skull foramen does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

Answer 11

Foramen ovale

Question 12

Which skull foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?

Answer 12

Foramen spinosum

Question 13

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

Answer 13

Middle meningeal artery

Question 14

What passes through the jugular foramen?

Answer 14

Glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerves

Question 15

What passes through the foramen magnum?

Answer 15

Medulla oblongata, vertebral arteries, spinal accessory nerve,

Question 16

What Sx will a lesion of the olfactory nerve cause?

Answer 16

Ipsilateral anosmia

Question 17

Which hemiretina decussates?

Answer 17

Nasal

Question 18

Which hemiretina remains ipsilateral?

Answer 18

Temporal

Question 19

A lesion of the right optic nerve will cause what problem with the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 19

Bilateral loss of reflex to light shined in ipsilateral eye. No change to reflex when light shined in contralateral eye.

Question 20

A lesion of the right occulomotor nerve will cause what problem with the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 20

Loss of pupillary reflex of ipsilateral eye to light shined in either eye

Question 21

Name 5 signs of a lesion to the occulomotor nerve?

Answer 21

Ipsilateral ptosis, lateral strabismus, dilated pupil (mydriasis), fixed pupil (loss of papillary reflex), diplopiadouble vision

Question 22

Define mydriasis

Answer 22

Dilated pupil

Question 23

How do we say ‘dilated pupil’?

Answer 23

Mydriasis

Question 24

Define miosis

Answer 24

Constricted pupil

Question 25

How do we say 'constricted pupil'?

Answer 25

Miosis

Question 26

Which muscles does the occulomotor nerve supply?

Answer 26

Superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and superior levator palpebrae

Question 27

Which nuclei are associated with the occulomotor nerve?

Answer 27

Occulomotor nuc and Edinger-Westphall nuc.

Question 28

At what level of the brainstem is the trochlear nucleus?

Answer 28

Inferior colliculus

Question 29

Which muscle does the trochlear nerve supply?

Answer 29

Superior oblique

Question 30

What movement of the eye does the trochlear nerve cause?

Answer 30

Depression of the eye when adducted

Question 31

What type of strabismus will a lesion of the trochelar nerve cause?

Answer 31

Supero-medial

Question 32

How may a person with a trochlear lesion compensate?

Answer 32

Tilt head to contralateral shoulder

Question 33

Which nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 33

Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Chief/principal sensory nucleus. Mesencephalic motor nucleus. Trigeminal motor nucleus.

Question 34

What symptoms will a lesion of the trigeminal nerve cause?

Answer 34

Loss of touch, pain and temperature from face. Pain or parasthesia from ipsilateral face. Loss of blink reflex. Flaccid paralysis of muscles of mastication.

Question 35

Which regions does the principal sensory nucleus receive input from?

Answer 35

DCFNOS | Dura, cornea, face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, scalp

Question 36

What type of deficit will a lesion of the abducens cause?

Answer 36

Medial strabismus

Question 37

What Sx will a lesion of the facial nerve cause?

Answer 37

Facial paralysis. Loss of blink reflex. Loss of taste. Dry mouth. Loss of lacrimation. Noises sound louder on ipsilateral side.

Question 38

What is the course of the facial nerve through the skull?

Answer 38

Exits through internal acoustic meatus and leaves through stylomastoid foramen

Question 39

Which nuclei are associated with the facial nerve?

Answer 39

Solitary nucleus. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Facial motor nucleus.

Question 40

What part of the body does the facial nerve convey pressure, pain and temperature?

Answer 40

Ipsilateral external ear

Question 41

Which nuclei are associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 41

Nucleus ambiguus. Solitary nucleus. Spinal trigeminal nucleus.

Question 42

What Sx would be caused by a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 42

Loss of gag reflex. Loss of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue. Uvula deviates to contralesional side. Dysphagia

Question 43

What nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve?

Answer 43

Nucleus ambiguus. Solitary nucleus. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus.

Question 44

Which nuclei are associated with the spinal accessory nerve?

Answer 44

Spinal accessory nucleus

Question 45

Which muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve?

Answer 45

Sternomastoid and trapezius

Question 46

What is a Sx of hypoglossal nerve palsy?

Answer 46

When deviated, tongue deviates to ipsilesional side. Ipsilesional wasting/atrophy.

Question 47

Which nerves are associated with the nucleus ambiguus?

Answer 47

9 and 10

Question 48

Which nerves are associated with the solitary nucleus?

Answer 48

7, 9 and 10

Question 49

Which nerves are associated with the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

Answer 49

5, 7, 9 and 10

Question 50

A lesion of facial corticobulbar fibres will cause what kind of facial weakness?

Answer 50

Lower face only (ie forehead spared)

Question 51

A lesion of the facial nucleus or nerve will cause what kind of facial weakness?

Answer 51

Upper and lower face (ie forehead affected)

Question 52

Facial weakness of the entire face implies what level of lesion?

Answer 52

Facial nucleus or nerve

Question 53

Facial weakness of the lower face with sparing of the forehead implies what level of lesion?

Answer 53

Cortical or corticobulbar

Question 54

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Answer 54

SCALP | Skin. Connective tissue. Aponeurosis. Loose connective tissue. Periosteum.

Question 55

What are the 2 layers of dura mater?

Answer 55

The endosteum of the skull vault and the true meningeal layer of dura

Question 56

What is the middle layer of the skull called?

Answer 56

Diploe

Question 57

What are the 3 layers of the skull?

Answer 57

Internal plate, diploe, external plate

Question 58

Which 4 bones form the pterion?

Answer 58

Frontal, parietal, greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal bone

Question 59

What is the line of demarcation between the two parts of the frontal bone?

Answer 59

Supraorbital margin

Question 60

What is the name of the dural reflection that covers sella turcica?

Answer 60

Diaphragma sella

Question 61

How many mls of CSF are there in the brain?

Answer 61

150ml

Question 62

How is cerebral perfusion pressure calculated?

Answer 62

MAP - ICP