Motor system

Question 1

What does ‘grade 0 power’ mean?

Answer 1

Complete paralysis

Question 2

What does ‘grade 4 power’ mean?

Answer 2

Active movement against gravity and resistance

Question 3

What does ‘grade 2 power’ mean?

Answer 3

Active movement with gravity eliminated

Question 4

What does ‘grade 5 power’ mean?

Answer 4

Normal power

Question 5

What does ‘grade 1 power’ mean?

Answer 5

Flicker or trace of contraction

Question 6

What does ‘grade 3 power’ mean?

Answer 6

Active movement against gravity

Question 7

What does ‘grade 0’ reflex mean?

Answer 7

Absent

Question 8

What does ‘grade 2+’ reflex mean?

Answer 8

Normal

Question 9

What does ‘grade 4+’ reflex mean?

Answer 9

Hyperactive with clonus

Question 10

What does ‘grade 1+’ reflex mean?

Answer 10

Hypoactive

Question 11

What does ‘grade 3+’ reflex mean?

Answer 11

Hyperactive without clonus

Question 12

What is Henneman’s size principle?

Answer 12

Motor units are recruited incrementally, with progressively larger motor units recruited with more forceful movements

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter and which receptor are involved in innervation of skeletal muscle?

Answer 13

ACh and nicotinic receptors

Question 14

Why do we get fibrillations after a lower motor neurone injury?

Answer 14

There is upregulation of AChN receptors

Question 15

What do muscle spindles sense?

Answer 15

Muscle stretch/length

Question 16

What do Golgi tendon organs sense?

Answer 16

The amount of load/force on a muscle

Question 17

What does decerebrate posturing imply?

Answer 17

Lesion below the level of the red nucleus

Question 18

What does decorticate posturing imply?

Answer 18

Lesion above the level of the red nucleus

Question 19

Describe decerebrate posturing

Answer 19

Extension of upper and lower limbs

Question 20

Describe decorticate posturing

Answer 20

Flexion of upper limbs. Extension of lower limbs.

Question 21

Why do the upper limbs flex in decorticate posturing?

Answer 21

The rubrospinal tract is intact and able to cause flexion of the upper limbs

Question 22

Where is the pattern generator for locomotion?

Answer 22

Spinal cord

Question 23

In the classical model of basal ganglia function, what is the function of the direct pathway?

Answer 23

Stimulate movement

Question 24

In the classical model of basal ganglia function, what is the function of the indirect pathway?

Answer 24

Inhibit movement

Question 25

Which cells in which part of the cerebellum are most vulnerable to alcohol damage?

Answer 25

Purkinje cells in the anterior vermis

Question 26

Damage to the flocculonodular lobe causes what type of problems?

Answer 26

Trunkal ataxia