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PA10315 2nd semester > Skin structure > Flashcards

Skin structure Flashcards

1
Q

intergumentary system

A

skin and its accessory structures

hair,nails, glands and sensory receptors

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2
Q

2 main parts of skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

dermis thickness

A

1mm

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4
Q

epidermis thickness

A

0.1 mm

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5
Q

composition of dermis vs epidermis

A

epidermis mostly cells, dermis mostly components eg glands

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6
Q

thick skin

A

hairless
eg palms
fingertips, toes, soles
0.6-4.5 mm

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7
Q

thin skin

A 
hairy
all other parts of the body
four layers
density of hair follicles depends on where in the body
hair follicles extend through the layers
0.1-0.15 mm
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8
Q

5 layers of what makes up epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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9
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of columnar keratinocytes resting on basement membrane: site of production of new keratinocytes- stem cells

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10
Q

stratum spinosum

A

multiple rows of close packed, many sided keratinocytes linked by desmosomes
lots of keratin

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11
Q

stratum granulosum

A

rows of flattened keratinocytes containing darkly staining keratohyalin granules and lipid rich lamellar bodies- on release these form a hydrophobic, impermeable barrier

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12
Q

stratum lucidium

A

rows of clear, flat, keratin rich keratinocytes

present only in thick skin

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13
Q

stratum corneum

A

rows of dead, flat enucleate keratinocytes that have mostly cross-linked keratin fibres
have lipid in between

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14
Q

controlled apoptosis

A

as cells differentiate and reproduce, they are forced towards the skin’s surface, and are further from the blood supply and food supply, so die

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15
Q

how do keratinocytes differ in each layer

A

types of keratin change
evolve in shape
cell contents breakdown, rearrange and denucleate

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16
Q

keratins

A

cytoskeletal filament forming proteins
form branching, rope like bundles in cytoplasm
associate with desmosomes and hemidesmosomes at cell periphery
maintain structural integrity of epidermis, allow it to resist and dissipate mech forces

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17
Q

desmosomes

A

anchor epithelial cells to each other

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18
Q

lipid matrix

A

acts as skin’s main water proofing agent

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19
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

tie epidermal cells to fibres of the basal lamina

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20
Q

basal lamina/basement membrane

A

acellular layer between epidermis and dermis

21
Q

where are melanocytes found

A

bottom of the epidermis

22
Q

process of transfer of melanosomes

A

produced by golgi of melanocyte
melanosomes move into melanocyte cell processes, and epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell processes
The melanosomes have been transferred to the epithelial cells (keratinocytes in epidermis)

23
Q

what happens next

A

melanosomes migrate to the peri-nucelar region and form a protective ‘cap’

24
Q

what is skin colour determined by

A

amount of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesised
not number of melanocytes
size of melanosomes

25
Q

two regions of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

papillary above, reticular below

26
Q

how are desmosomes broken down

A

enzymes in stratum corneum

27
Q

Langerhans cell

A

move within epidermis, APC
Present foreign antigens to T cells
macrophages of the skin
in the stratum spinosum layer

28
Q

Merkel cell

A

sensory receptor cells
Make synapse-like contacts with somatosensory nerve endings
v sensitive touch receptors
in the stratum basale?

29
Q

function of basal lamina

A

bridging structure, regulator of proliferation in stratum basale and movement of cells and molecules between epidermis and dermis

30
Q

papillary matrix

A

loose connective tissue composed of fine elastic fibres with interspersed capillary loops and nerve fibres
lots of capillaries
Has Meissners corpuscles (touch receptors)

31
Q

reticular matrix

A

dense connective tissue
randomly orientated collagen fibre, elastin, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

has fibroblasts, macrophages and fat cells

32
Q

cell types in the dermis

A

matrix synthesising fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and sweat gland myoepithelial cells

33
Q

hair

A

grow from hair follicles in the dermis
composed of columns of dead, keratinised epithelial cells
originate from stratum basale in the hair bulb

34
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

enables hair to stand on end, contraction elevates hair, forming goosebumps

35
Q

function of sebaceous gland

A

produces sebum-oily lipids

lubricates hair shaft

36
Q

function of blood vessels at the base of the hair follicle

A

give hair nourishment it needs to grow

37
Q

types of glands general

A

endocrine and exocrine

38
Q

how can exocrine glands be further categorised

A

based on structure and mode of secretion

39
Q

3 modes of secretion

A

merocrine, apocrine (pinched off portion of the cell in secretion) and holocrine (dying cell releases secretory products)

40
Q

2 main types of glands in the skin

A

sebaceous and sudoriferous

41
Q

types of sudoriferous glands

A

apocrine and eccrine

42
Q

apocrine

A 
limited distribution
merocrine secretion
more viscous due to presence of lipids and proteins
activity linked to emotional state
active from puberty
43
Q

eccrine

A 
wide distribution
duct opens at epidermal surface
merocrine secretion
hypotonic and slightly acidic
Active from soon after birth
44
Q

Types of skin sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors

45
Q

epidermis

A

keratinised squamous epithelium

46
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer

has nerves, blood supply and fibroblasts, sweat glands and hair

47
Q

how are damaged cells replaced in the epidermis

A

continually shed, and constant proliferation of cells in stratum basale which move up to the top, to replace lost cells

48
Q

Meissners corpsucles

A

v sensitive mechanoreceptors

found on palms

49
Q

what type of secretion for sebaceous glands

A

holocrine

PA10315 2nd semester (27 decks)

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