Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PA10315 2nd semester > Diet and Nutrition > Flashcards

Diet and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

malnutrition

A

Physical condition resulting from inappropriate/ inadequate diet that either provides too much/too little of necessary nutrient
Negatively affects the quality of life and learning as well a death and disease status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy input affected by

A

DIET IN TERMS OF
Internal factors : hunger./appetite
External factors; social and psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Energy output can be divided into

A

heat and work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

total body energy=

A

energy stored = energy stored + energy intake - energy output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

% of energy available for work

A

50% of energy released in the body not available for work (heat: unregulated, thermoregulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Work subdivisions

A

energy storage, mechanical work, chemical work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Active transport of molecules (energy storage)

A

in/out of the body, between compartments, across membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mechanical work

A

voluntary and involuntary movement of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemical work

A

synthesis for growth and maintenance (tissues and cells)

short/long term energy storage (ATP, glycogen, fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BMR

A

minimum level of energy required to sustain vital functions

  • measured at rest in a fasted state in a thermo-neutral environment
  • measured as the heat produced or oxygen consumed per unit time
  • expressed as the calories released/kg of body mass or /m^2 of BSA/h
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Total Energy Expenditure

A

BMR + dietary-induced thermogenesis (production of heat) + physical activity

-estimated from BMR and PAL (physical activity level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PAL

A

energy expenditure in 24h due to physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EAR

A

estimated average requirement
for energy
BMR x PAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Higher PAL =

A

more active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 categories of nutrients

A

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Macronutrients

A

Higher daily requirements

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Micronutrients

A

Lower daily requirements

Vitamins (organic)- water soluble (not stored) and fat soluble (stored)
Minerals (inorganic): macrominerals, trace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which is preferred in the body as a short term energy source

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is bread a protein

A

MOST CERTAINLY NOT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 types of amino acid

A

essential and non essential

21
Q

Essential AAs

A

must be obtained via diet

Can’t be synthesised in the body

22
Q

Non essential AAs

A

Synthesised by the body

23
Q

What is the central carbon in a AA called

A

alpha carbon

24
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Made from fats/carbohydrates/proteins
Delivers acetyl groups to Krebs cycle
Releases stored energy in the form of ATP

25
Q

Non energy related functions of proteins

A

Dietary proteins source of aas: essential and non essential

Aas required for synthesis of proteins: structural (collagens, keratins) and functional (enzymes, antibodies, receptors, hormones)

AAs precursors of other biomolecules: nucleotides, catecholamines, neurotransmitter (serotonin), some aas function as neurotransmitters
- formation of antioxidants

26
Q

Non energy related functions of carbohydrates

A

Dietary carbohydrates provide monosaccharides for biosynthesis and modification of macromolecules:

  • glycoproteins
  • membrane glycolipids
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • proteoglycans

Dietary carbohydrate is a source of fibre:

  • indigestible, structural polysaccharides derived from plants eg cellulose
  • add bulk and thicken contents of GI tract
  • slows digestion and absorption carbohydrates and fats: production of beneficial, short chain fatty acids by colonic microbiota
27
Q

glycoproteins

A

sugar and protein
cell-cell interactions
immune system role- eg antibodies and major histocompatibilty complexes
hormones
eg secreted and intehral membrane proteins

28
Q

glycolipids

A

stability of CSM and cell recognition

eg blood group antigens

29
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

long unbranched polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit- has a amino sugar
GAGs

30
Q

Proteoglycans

A

GAGs linked to a protein core

influences signalling in matrix

31
Q

Some fats

A

triglycerides, sat fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, trans fats

32
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids
main constituents of natural fats and oils
Energy store in the body

33
Q

Saturated fats

A

saturated with H’s
Solid at RTP
Incr levels of LDL

34
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

1 c-c double bond
liquids RTP
solidify when chilled

35
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A 
more than one c-c double bond
liquid at RTP
solidify when chilled
2 groups: omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
incr LDL levels
36
Q

Trans fats

A

formed artificially by hydrogenation
raise HDL levels
contain c-c double bond, double bond is in a trans formation
found naturally in small amounts

37
Q

Non energy related functions of fats

A
  • dietary fats source of essential fatty acids; alpha linoleic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA)
  • dietary fats required for membrane biosynthesis: phosphoplipids glycolipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol
  • Act as carriers for fat soluble vitamins
  • Required for biosynthesis of steroid hormones
  • Required for biosynthesis of lipid mediators: eicosanoids, phosphoinositides
  • Required for biosynthesis of proteolipids: GPI anchored proteins eg enzymes, receptors
38
Q

Micronutrients: Fat soluble vitamins

A

can dissolve in fats and oils

Absorbed in the body with fat and stored in the body’s fatty tissue

39
Q

Micronutrients: vitamins and trace elements

A
  • essential for growth, maintenance and repair
  • required in small quantities
  • participate in many metabolic/regulatory proccesses: endocrine signalling (hormones), intermediary metabolism (coenzymes and cofactors), function as antioxidants - highly reactive
40
Q

Micronutrients: minerals

A

inorganic substances required in small amounts for the body to function
Important ones: Ca, Fe, Mg

41
Q

Ca

A

most abundant mineral in the body: bones and teeth, intracellular signalling and regulation of metabolic processes

42
Q

Fe

A

formation of haemoglobin
Binds to oxygen
Important cofactor in many other enzyme reactions
Important in the immune system
Metabolism of drugs and foreign substances

43
Q

anaemia symptoms and signs

A 
pallor
tachycardia
fatigue, tiredness and headache
breathlessness
angina
cramp
44
Q

Causes of anaemia

A

iron deficiency

vitamin B12 deficiency

45
Q

Anaemia

A

not enough healthy RBCs to carry O2 to the body’s tissues

46
Q

DRVs

A

dietary reference values

pop-based estimates of energy and nutritional requirements for different groups of healthy individuals

47
Q

four DRVs

A

Estimated average requirement (EARs)
Reference Nutrient Intakes ( RNIs)
Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LNRIs)
Safe intake

RNI used when issuing nutritional guidance

48
Q

Obesity

A

incr risk of CVD, cancer and Type II diabetes

decr mobility, quality of life and lifespan

PA10315 2nd semester (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions