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PA10315 2nd semester > Bones, joints and cartilage > Flashcards

Bones, joints and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Muscoskeletal system comprised of

A

Skeleton, muscles and accessory tissues which together allow locomotion and articulation
ie bone, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons, nerve fibres and BVs

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2
Q

2 main tissue types the skeleton is made up of

A

bone and cartilage

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3
Q

Bone 2 types

A

compact (exterior) and trabecular (interior)

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4
Q

bone shapes

A

long, short, flat (slightly curved and irregular

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5
Q

bone is encased with

A

fibrous periosteum (blood supply and nutrients)

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6
Q

3 main types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibro and elastic

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7
Q

cartilage is sometimes encased within

A

fibrous perichondrium

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8
Q

Hyaline

A

growth plate, joint surfaces and temporary scaffold

nose, ribs and larynx

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

invertebral discs, menisci (pads) in joint spaces
no perichodrium
Found in areas which must withstand lots of pressure

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10
Q

elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis and larynx

stretchy

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11
Q

bone functions

A

support, protection, attachment (locomotion), store minerals
Haematopopoiesis- produces RBCs
Lipid storage

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12
Q

Bone water content

A

low

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13
Q

Bone is made up of

A

minerals
type I collagen
proteoglycans/glycoproteins

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14
Q

cell types in bones

A

osteoblasts (form bones)
osteocytes (abundant)
osteoclasts (bone resorbing)

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15
Q

Cartilage function

A

template for bone formation, growth of long bones, smooth, articulating joint surface

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16
Q

water content in cartilage

A

high

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17
Q

Cartilage is made up of

A

type II collagen
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins

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18
Q

Cell types in cartilage

A

chrondoblasts

chrondocytes

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19
Q

Axial skeleton

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column and ribs

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20
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of limbs, pelvis, scapula and clavicle

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21
Q

Short bones

A

support and stability, little to no movement
cube like
hands and feet

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22
Q

Flat bones

A

thin and flat
Can be a bit curved
Points of attachment for muscle or protect internal organs

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23
Q

Irregular bones

A

don’t fit other categories

Complex shape eg bones in the face

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24
Q

Long bone

A

located in the appendicular skeleton

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25
Q

anatomy of a long bone

A

includes diaphysis, epiphysis, spongy bone, epiphyseal line, metaphysis, fatty tissue, periosteum

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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27
Q

Epiphysis

A

at each end. Proximal and distal

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28
Q

spongy bone

A

found in the epiphysis. Contains bone marrow for rbcs

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29
Q

Epiphyseal plate/line

A

depending on stage of development
Becomes line when fully developed
Marks where proximal epiphysis starts

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30
Q

Metaphysis

A

contains the medullary cavity which is the hollowed out core of the bone

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31
Q

Fatty tissue

A

energy store

aka yellow marrow

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32
Q

Periosteum

A

outside the bone

membrane

33
Q

endosteum

A

lining inside of medullary cavity

both membranes

34
Q

Whats at the end of the bone

A

articular cartilage

Allows joints to move smoothly

35
Q

Microanatomy of a long bone

A

basic functional unit of long bone is the osteon
Rings around it referred to as concentric lamellae- made up of layers of osteocytes
Canal in the centre where blood vessel is located
Orientation of the lamellae run in opposite directions i each layer to give bone ability to withstand impact

36
Q

Central canal

A

runs parallel to osteon

37
Q

Perforating canal

A

runs perpendicular to osteon

38
Q

cannaliculi

A

holds together osteocytes in the lacuna

Deliver nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes

39
Q

Trabecular (spongy) bone

A

here the bone isn’t solid, instead filled with holes connected by thin rods/plates of bone tissue
Trabeculae have no blood vessels or central canal
Contains lamella like osteon, but lamella are parallel
Matrix inside which contains the lacuna which contains osteocytes
Space for red bone marrow between trabeculae
SPongy bone has no central canal, so obtains nutrients through pores in the bone surface

40
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

undifferentiated
HIgh mitotic activity
In periostium and bone marrow
GIve rise to osteoblasts

41
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Found in periostium and endostium
Growing portions of bone
Responsible for forming new bone
Don’t divide but synthesise and secrete organic compounds and ca salts

42
Q

Osteocytes

A

formed from osteoblasts
Mature bone
Located in the lacuna
Maintain mineral concentration of the bone matrix

43
Q

Osteoclasts

A

degrade bone
Cause bone resorption
They are a form of macrophage and don’t originate from osteogenic cells

44
Q

bone development aka

A

ossification

45
Q

ossification has 2 form depending on the type of bone that is formed

A

intramembranous ossification and endochronal ossification

46
Q

skeleton develops from

A

The embryonic mesenchyme:

  • loosely packed, unspecialised cells in a gel-like matrix
  • derived from the embryonic mesoderm
47
Q

Mesenchymal cells migrate and form

A

condensations- small clusters

Prefigure sites of bone development

48
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms directly within the condensation

49
Q

Endochronal ossification

A

most bones

Cartilage template (analage )forms within the condensation
The cartilage analage is subsequently replaced by bone
50
Q

Intramembranous ossification process step 1

A

Cells come together and start aggregating and replicating, then differentiate into osteoblasts. The osteoblasts come together to form an ossification centre
Cells release osteoid (unmineralized bone)
Only happens at the middle of the ossification centre, so osteoblasts become trapped in the centre and differentiate into osteocytes

51
Q

Step 2 IO

A

After a few days the osteoid begins to hardens and calcifies to form bone
After this the osteoid continues being deposited in a random fashion around blood vessels

52
Q

step 3 IO

A

trabeculae form

53
Q

step 4 IO

A

development of periosteum

Lamellae of of compact bone begins to form which replaces the trabeculae on the outside edge.
It gets deposited in layers and the spongy layer is still there
The osteoblasts stay on the outside surface of the bone- help remodel it when necessary

54
Q

Endochrondal ossification step 1

A

Chrondocytes at center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calcifies

55
Q

Step 2 EO

A

Stem cells divide to form osteoblasts which cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone

56
Q

Step 3 EO

A

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and new osteoblasts form the primary ossification center

57
Q

Step 4 EO

A

Bone of shaft thickens, and cartilage near each epiphysisis replaced by shafts of bone

58
Q

Step 5 EO

A

Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteoblasts form secondary ossification centres
Secondary ossification complete: cartilage totally replaced by bone except in 2 places- surface of epiphyseal

59
Q

When is IO

A

commences in week 6 of gestation

60
Q

When is EO

A

occurs in the foetus after 8 weeks of development

61
Q

Post natal growth in length: epiphseal plate

go over

A

1 new cartilage is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plate as the chrondocytes divide and form stacks of cells
As the chrondocytes divide and align in columns, the cartilage expands towards the epiphysis and the bone elongates
2 Chrondocytes mature and enlarge
3 Matrix is calcified, and chrondocytes die
4 The cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone by osteocytes. Osteoclasts erode the old cartilage

Net result is that plate remains same in thickness, with elongation of the bone

62
Q

Post natal growth in width: apposition

A

osteoblasts deposit new bone on the outside of the bone shaft, and the osteoclasts break down tissue from the medulla to mainatin thickness of the bone

63
Q

Bone remodelling step 1

A

Resting step- all the lining cells that are inactive osteoblasts are attached to the bone surface. Factors like microfracture and release of certain substances eg hormones can activate the lining cells. These cells interact with receptors that trigger pre-osteoclast fusion and form multi nucleate osteoclasts

64
Q

Bone remodelling step 2

A

Osteoclasts gather together and begin to dissolve the bone. First they dissolve the matrix (acidification) and then release lysozomal enzymes to degrade organic components of the bone
Once dissolved to the required extent, undergo apoptosis to prevent excess resorption

65
Q

remodelling step 3

A

Reversal
Cells remove the debris produced during resorption
Release of growth factors- recruit osteoblasts

66
Q

remodelling step 4

A

Bone formation
Once osteoblasts are generated, alkaline phosphatase is produced to help form a new bone matrix
Matrix mineralised with calcium and P to form new bone and it returns to the resting phase

67
Q

Bone mass in women

A

Osteoclast apoptoss is regulated by oestrogen so when oestrogen levels decrease, osteoclasts can live longer and breakdown more bone

68
Q

In old people

A

trabeculae thinner, fewer and more widely spaced

69
Q

Bone regeneration: fracture healing step 1

A

Blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma

70
Q

BR 2

A

internal callus forms between ends of bones and the exteral callus forms a collar around the break

71
Q

BR 3

A

woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses
Callus ossification

72
Q

BR 4

A

bone remodelling

Compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of the internal callus is removed, restoring medullary cavity

73
Q

Joints

A

Occur at the joins between bones
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
Largest and most important are synovial

74
Q

6 subtypes of synovial joint

A 
planar
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle, ball and socket
75
Q

Joint movement

A

X axis for up and down
Y for side to side
Z for 3D

76
Q

Uniaxial joints

A

move along a single axis

77
Q

Biaxial

A

move about 2 distinct axis

78
Q

Simpified structure of a synovial joint

A

articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones
- smooth, lubricating surface- resists compression

Bilayered joint capsule: outer fibrous and inner elastic

  • fibrous layer attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bone
  • inner synovial membrane : site of production of the synovial fluid

a joint cavity filled with viscous synovial fluid

PA10315 2nd semester (27 decks)

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