Skin/MSK Flashcards
What are the five functions of the skin?
First line of defense Prevention of fluid loss Regulation of body temperature Reception of sensations Synthesis of vitamin D
What three cells are in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.
What bacterial infections can cause cellulitis?
Group a beta-hemolytic streptococci or S aureus
What type of hyper sensitivity is eczema?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
What are three drug induced skin eruptions?
Erythema multiforme, Steven Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
How is a bullae formed in drug induced skin eruptions?
Epidermal cell detachment allows fluid to leak in
What type of hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis?
Type 4 hypersensitivity
What are the characteristics of a first-degree burn?
Only affects the epidermis
Partial thickness
Skin is red, dry, and painful
What are the characteristics of a second-degree burn partial thickness?
Involves various degrees of the dermis but not entirely.
Skin is painful, moist, red, with fluid filled blisters.
What are the characteristics of a full thickness second degree burn?
It involves the entire dermis.
Skin is painful, dry, flat blisters, mottled pink, red, waxy white, but there is loss of tactile sensation.
What are the characteristics of a third-degree burn?
It affects the subcutaneous layer.
Nociceptors are damaged.
May involve muscle and bone.
Skin is waxy white or yellow-ish tan, painless, hard, dry, leathery.
What are the characteristics of a stage 1 pressure ulcer?
Superficial, skin intact, non-blanchable
What are the characteristics of a stage 2 pressure ulcer?
Partial thickness, not intact, loss of dermis, blistering.
What are the characteristics of a stage III pressure ulcer?
Full thickness tissue loss, subcutaneous fat may be visible, slough present, tunneling and undermining may occur, no underlying structures are exposed.
What are the characteristics of a stage 4 pressure ulcer?
Full thickness tissue loss, undermining and tunneling, slough or eschar, bone and muscle exposed.
What are labile cells and give an example?
They are more flexible and have a greater ability to regenerate.
Examples are epithelial and bone marrow cells
What are stable cells and give an example
They can regenerate but limited and will leave a scar. They are not normally asked to do so.
Examples are hepatic cells, smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts
What are permanent cells and give an example
Do not proliferate and are terminally differentiated.
Examples are nerve, skeletal, and cardiac cells
What are cell mediators involved in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What are cell mediators involved in the proliferation stage of tissue repair?
Fibroblast and epithelial cells
What are the cell mediators involved in the remodeling phase of tissue repair?
Fibroblast with collagen activity
What are some complications that can occur in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?
Infection, poor circulation, poor oxygenation, and compromised immune system.
What is the goal of the proliferation phase in tissue repair?
Fill the gap where the cells died and create granulation tissue
What are some complications of the remodeling phase in tissue repair?
Keloids
What are some complications that can occur in the proliferation phase of tissue repair?
Too much granulation tissue
What are 4 complications related to bone fractures?
Fracture blisters, complex regional pain syndrome, thromboembolus, and fat embolism syndrome
What is delayed union in bone healing?
Failure of the fracture to heal with the predicted time.
What is malunion of bone healing?
Deformity or angulation at fracture site
What is non-union of bone healing?
Failure to heal before the process of bone repair stops
