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Patho > Skin/MSK > Flashcards

Skin/MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the skin?

A 
First line of defense
Prevention of fluid loss
Regulation of body temperature
Reception of sensations
Synthesis of vitamin D
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2
Q

What three cells are in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

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3
Q

What bacterial infections can cause cellulitis?

A

Group a beta-hemolytic streptococci or S aureus

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4
Q

What type of hyper sensitivity is eczema?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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5
Q

What are three drug induced skin eruptions?

A

Erythema multiforme, Steven Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

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6
Q

How is a bullae formed in drug induced skin eruptions?

A

Epidermal cell detachment allows fluid to leak in

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7
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a first-degree burn?

A

Only affects the epidermis
Partial thickness
Skin is red, dry, and painful

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a second-degree burn partial thickness?

A

Involves various degrees of the dermis but not entirely.

Skin is painful, moist, red, with fluid filled blisters.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a full thickness second degree burn?

A

It involves the entire dermis.

Skin is painful, dry, flat blisters, mottled pink, red, waxy white, but there is loss of tactile sensation.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a third-degree burn?

A

It affects the subcutaneous layer.

Nociceptors are damaged.

May involve muscle and bone.

Skin is waxy white or yellow-ish tan, painless, hard, dry, leathery.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a stage 1 pressure ulcer?

A

Superficial, skin intact, non-blanchable

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a stage 2 pressure ulcer?

A

Partial thickness, not intact, loss of dermis, blistering.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a stage III pressure ulcer?

A

Full thickness tissue loss, subcutaneous fat may be visible, slough present, tunneling and undermining may occur, no underlying structures are exposed.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a stage 4 pressure ulcer?

A

Full thickness tissue loss, undermining and tunneling, slough or eschar, bone and muscle exposed.

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16
Q

What are labile cells and give an example?

A

They are more flexible and have a greater ability to regenerate.

Examples are epithelial and bone marrow cells

17
Q

What are stable cells and give an example

A

They can regenerate but limited and will leave a scar. They are not normally asked to do so.

Examples are hepatic cells, smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts

18
Q

What are permanent cells and give an example

A

Do not proliferate and are terminally differentiated.

Examples are nerve, skeletal, and cardiac cells

19
Q

What are cell mediators involved in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

20
Q

What are cell mediators involved in the proliferation stage of tissue repair?

A

Fibroblast and epithelial cells

21
Q

What are the cell mediators involved in the remodeling phase of tissue repair?

A

Fibroblast with collagen activity

22
Q

What are some complications that can occur in the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?

A

Infection, poor circulation, poor oxygenation, and compromised immune system.

23
Q

What is the goal of the proliferation phase in tissue repair?

A

Fill the gap where the cells died and create granulation tissue

24
Q

What are some complications of the remodeling phase in tissue repair?

A

Keloids

25
Q

What are some complications that can occur in the proliferation phase of tissue repair?

A

Too much granulation tissue

26
Q

What are 4 complications related to bone fractures?

A

Fracture blisters, complex regional pain syndrome, thromboembolus, and fat embolism syndrome

27
Q

What is delayed union in bone healing?

A

Failure of the fracture to heal with the predicted time.

28
Q

What is malunion of bone healing?

A

Deformity or angulation at fracture site

29
Q

What is non-union of bone healing?

A

Failure to heal before the process of bone repair stops

Patho (11 decks)

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