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Patho > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Do the cranial nerves come from the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of nociceptive pain?

A

Somatic like pain coming from a burn or broken arm. Visceral coming from organs like abdominal pain.

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3
Q

What are the functions of dopamine that can lead to Parkinson’s disease?

A

It helps to smooth out muscular movements

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4
Q

What part of the neuron is damaged with MS?

A

The myelin sheath

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5
Q

What happens when our nerves are damaged?

A

It causes a dysfunction or lack of signals being sent to the brain back to a certain part of the body where they need to go. This is why people have paraesthesias.

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6
Q

An individual with a head injury is having bradypnea, bradycardia, and widening in their pulse pressure. What are you most concerned about and what is this called?

A

Herniation

Symptoms are called Cushing’s triad

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7
Q

Why is A fib a risk factor for a stroke?

A

A fib can cause clots to form in the atria which can go to the ventricles and be pumped out towards the brain

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8
Q

What is Cushing’s triad?

A

Widened blood pressure, bradycardia, and shallow respirations

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9
Q

MS is an autoimmune disorder that attacks what?

A

The myelin sheath of the neurons

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10
Q

Hypoglycemia can lead to confusion because of what process happening to the neurons?

A

They are highly dependent on oxygen and glucose so without them they can’t function properly.

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11
Q

If neurons are the main players of nervous system which cells are the supporting cells?

A

Neuroglia

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12
Q

What 2 types of neuroglia are in the peripheral nervous tissue?

A

Schwann and satellite cells

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13
Q

4 types of glial cells in the central nervous tissue

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

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14
Q

What is the process by which neurons become depolarized?

A

Action potential initiated via the Na/K pump.

When a threshold is met Na rushes into the cell and K goes out. The influx of Na makes the cell positive so action occurs.

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15
Q

Ach, glutamate, and aspartate are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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16
Q

GABA is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory

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17
Q

Opioid peptides, histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are neuromodulators. What does that mean?

A

They produce long term effects because they hang out longer in the synaptic space

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter binds to cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

What enzyme breaks down cholinergic neurotransmitters to remove them from the synapse?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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21
Q

The post and pre ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS release which cholinergic neurotransmitter ?

A

Ach

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22
Q

Neurons in the SNS , the adrenergic receptors can bind and be stimulated by which molecules?

A

catecholamines like nor epinephrine ( adrenergic neurotransmitter)

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23
Q

What compartment of the brain is CSF located in?

A

Subarachnoid space

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24
Q

What is Normal CSF color?

A

Clear

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25
Q

Which area of the brain does not have a blood brain barrier?

A

The pituitary gland

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26
Q

The meninges are made up of what 3 layers?

A

Pía, arachnoid, and dura mater.

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27
Q

The hindbrain is responsible for autonomic or somatic functions?

A

Autonomic

28
Q

Which part of the brain includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum (coordination), and pons ?

A

Hindbrain

29
Q

Why do individuals with myasthenia gravis have diminished motor response?

A

AcH receptors are destroyed or blocked by something not allowing them to bind to Ach

30
Q

How is Parkinson’s developed?

A

From death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra which is a part of the basal ganglia

31
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

Basal ganglia

32
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune disorder that blocks or destroys Ach receptors

33
Q

What is the tx for myasthenia gravis?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

34
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is myasthenia gravis?

A

Type 2

35
Q

T/F. Parkinson’s causes weakness.

A

False

36
Q

What differentiates Parkinson’s from the other neuromuscular disorders?

A

Resting tremor

37
Q

Which neurons are affected with ALS?

A

Motor neurons are degenerated

38
Q

What is the result of motor neurons degenerating in ALS?

A

Muscle atrophy because muscles are not able to receive signals from the brain

39
Q

What is the typical progression of loss of function in ALS?

A

Distal to central

40
Q

What is the treatment for ALS?

A

No cure. It’s progressive but supportive measures can be used.

41
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is MS?

A

Type 4- cell mediated

42
Q

What causes the manifestations of MS?

A

Plaques on the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve

43
Q

With epidural hematoma where does a hematoma develop?

A

above the dura mater

44
Q

Is an epidural hematoma caused by arterial or venous bleed?

A

arterial

45
Q

What is it called when someone loses consciousness off and on?

A

Lucid intervals

46
Q

Lucid intervals are seen with what type of brain injury?

A

Epidural hematoma

47
Q

With subdural hematoma where does bleeding occur?

A

Below the dura mater

48
Q

Why do subdural hematomas bleed slower?

A

It is a venous bleed

49
Q

Why are subdural hematomas more common in the elderly?

A

They are usually on blood thinners which can increase their risk for brain bleed and are more susceptible.

50
Q

With any type of head trauma where ICP is increased what complication are we most worried about?

A

Herniation

51
Q

How is LOC different in subdural hematoma than with epidural hematoma?

A

Usually no LOC at the time but will experience much later after the injury

52
Q

What are the 3 different categories that explain the causes of cerebral edema?

A

Osmotic, vasogenic, and cytotoxic.

53
Q

What is herniation?

A

When some brain tissue moves outside of the skull

54
Q

What are the two main types of stroke?

A

Hemorrhagic and ischemic

55
Q

What is the most common cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hypertensive crisis

56
Q

What is the main effect of a stroke on the brain?

A

Lack of perfusion

57
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

When vessels that are connected to the brain are occluded by blood clot or atherosclerotic clot.

58
Q

What is a cerebral aneurysm?

A

Outpouchings caused by weakening of the tunica media in the vessels of the brain.

59
Q

A thunder clap HA can be most indicative of what type of brain damage?

A

Cerebral aneurysm

60
Q

What is arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?

A

A congenital defect when arteries and veins in the brain are connected where they should not be

61
Q

What is the most common complaint associated with AVM?

A

Headache

62
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the pia mater, arachnoid space, and subarachnoid space.

63
Q

What sign in myasthenia gravis is most likely to develop 1st?

A

muscle weakness of the eyes

64
Q

Ach binds to what type of receptor to produce muscle contraction?

A

Nicotinic Ach receptors

65
Q

What is the immune system doing in a patient with myasthenia gravis?

A

Developing antibodies against the Ach receptors

66
Q

What is a hallmark finding of myasthenia gravis?

A

Muscle weakness gets worse with repetitive activity but better with rest

67
Q

One word to describe the characteristics of myasthenia gravis manifestations?

A

Weakness

Patho (11 decks)

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