Neuro Flashcards
Do the cranial nerves come from the CNS or PNS?
PNS
What are the 2 types of nociceptive pain?
Somatic like pain coming from a burn or broken arm. Visceral coming from organs like abdominal pain.
What are the functions of dopamine that can lead to Parkinson’s disease?
It helps to smooth out muscular movements
What part of the neuron is damaged with MS?
The myelin sheath
What happens when our nerves are damaged?
It causes a dysfunction or lack of signals being sent to the brain back to a certain part of the body where they need to go. This is why people have paraesthesias.
An individual with a head injury is having bradypnea, bradycardia, and widening in their pulse pressure. What are you most concerned about and what is this called?
Herniation
Symptoms are called Cushing’s triad
Why is A fib a risk factor for a stroke?
A fib can cause clots to form in the atria which can go to the ventricles and be pumped out towards the brain
What is Cushing’s triad?
Widened blood pressure, bradycardia, and shallow respirations
MS is an autoimmune disorder that attacks what?
The myelin sheath of the neurons
Hypoglycemia can lead to confusion because of what process happening to the neurons?
They are highly dependent on oxygen and glucose so without them they can’t function properly.
If neurons are the main players of nervous system which cells are the supporting cells?
Neuroglia
What 2 types of neuroglia are in the peripheral nervous tissue?
Schwann and satellite cells
4 types of glial cells in the central nervous tissue
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
What is the process by which neurons become depolarized?
Action potential initiated via the Na/K pump.
When a threshold is met Na rushes into the cell and K goes out. The influx of Na makes the cell positive so action occurs.
Ach, glutamate, and aspartate are excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
GABA is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory
Opioid peptides, histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are neuromodulators. What does that mean?
They produce long term effects because they hang out longer in the synaptic space
What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What neurotransmitter binds to cholinergic receptors?
Acetylcholine
What enzyme breaks down cholinergic neurotransmitters to remove them from the synapse?
Acetylcholinesterase
The post and pre ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS release which cholinergic neurotransmitter ?
Ach
Neurons in the SNS , the adrenergic receptors can bind and be stimulated by which molecules?
catecholamines like nor epinephrine ( adrenergic neurotransmitter)
What compartment of the brain is CSF located in?
Subarachnoid space
What is Normal CSF color?
Clear
Which area of the brain does not have a blood brain barrier?
The pituitary gland
The meninges are made up of what 3 layers?
Pía, arachnoid, and dura mater.
The hindbrain is responsible for autonomic or somatic functions?
Autonomic
Which part of the brain includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum (coordination), and pons ?
Hindbrain
Why do individuals with myasthenia gravis have diminished motor response?
AcH receptors are destroyed or blocked by something not allowing them to bind to Ach
How is Parkinson’s developed?
From death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra which is a part of the basal ganglia
Where is dopamine produced?
Basal ganglia
What causes myasthenia gravis?
Autoimmune disorder that blocks or destroys Ach receptors
What is the tx for myasthenia gravis?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
What type of hypersensitivity is myasthenia gravis?
Type 2
T/F. Parkinson’s causes weakness.
False
What differentiates Parkinson’s from the other neuromuscular disorders?
Resting tremor
Which neurons are affected with ALS?
Motor neurons are degenerated
What is the result of motor neurons degenerating in ALS?
Muscle atrophy because muscles are not able to receive signals from the brain
What is the typical progression of loss of function in ALS?
Distal to central
What is the treatment for ALS?
No cure. It’s progressive but supportive measures can be used.
What type of hypersensitivity is MS?
Type 4- cell mediated
What causes the manifestations of MS?
Plaques on the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve
With epidural hematoma where does a hematoma develop?
above the dura mater
Is an epidural hematoma caused by arterial or venous bleed?
arterial
What is it called when someone loses consciousness off and on?
Lucid intervals
Lucid intervals are seen with what type of brain injury?
Epidural hematoma
With subdural hematoma where does bleeding occur?
Below the dura mater
Why do subdural hematomas bleed slower?
It is a venous bleed
Why are subdural hematomas more common in the elderly?
They are usually on blood thinners which can increase their risk for brain bleed and are more susceptible.
With any type of head trauma where ICP is increased what complication are we most worried about?
Herniation
How is LOC different in subdural hematoma than with epidural hematoma?
Usually no LOC at the time but will experience much later after the injury
What are the 3 different categories that explain the causes of cerebral edema?
Osmotic, vasogenic, and cytotoxic.
What is herniation?
When some brain tissue moves outside of the skull
What are the two main types of stroke?
Hemorrhagic and ischemic
What is the most common cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?
Hypertensive crisis
What is the main effect of a stroke on the brain?
Lack of perfusion
What is an ischemic stroke?
When vessels that are connected to the brain are occluded by blood clot or atherosclerotic clot.
What is a cerebral aneurysm?
Outpouchings caused by weakening of the tunica media in the vessels of the brain.
A thunder clap HA can be most indicative of what type of brain damage?
Cerebral aneurysm
What is arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?
A congenital defect when arteries and veins in the brain are connected where they should not be
What is the most common complaint associated with AVM?
Headache
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the pia mater, arachnoid space, and subarachnoid space.
What sign in myasthenia gravis is most likely to develop 1st?
muscle weakness of the eyes
Ach binds to what type of receptor to produce muscle contraction?
Nicotinic Ach receptors
What is the immune system doing in a patient with myasthenia gravis?
Developing antibodies against the Ach receptors
What is a hallmark finding of myasthenia gravis?
Muscle weakness gets worse with repetitive activity but better with rest
One word to describe the characteristics of myasthenia gravis manifestations?
Weakness
