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Patho > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are adipocytokines?

A

Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue

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2
Q

What is the difference between marasmus and kawashiorkor disease?

A

Marasmus is deficiency of both calories and protein. Affects somatic compartment.

Kawashiorkor is deficiency of protein with adequate calories. Affects visceral compartment.

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3
Q

Which neurotransmitters can stimulate the vomiting center?

A

Dopamine, Ach, serotonin, and opioid receptors

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4
Q

How does procholrperazine work to treat N/V?

A

It is a dopamine agonist

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5
Q

How does scopolamine work to treat N/V?

A

It is an anticholinergic drug (blocks Ach receptors) that treats motion sickness caused by Ach receptors in the vestibular center.

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6
Q

Ondansetron (Zofran) is most likely used to treat N/V caused by what?

A

Cancer therapies

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7
Q

Is achalasia a mechanical or functional problem?

A

Functional because the sphincter does not relax making it difficult to move food down the esophagus

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8
Q

What is a H2 receptor antagonist?

A

Histamine causes inflammation because it promotes the release of acid.

So the H2 receptor antagonist blocks acid production

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9
Q

Which condition increases the risk of Barrett’s esophagus a precursor to adenocarcinoma.

A

GERD

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10
Q

What does arachidonic acid break down into?

A

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins and thromboxanes

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11
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Inflammatory mediators that are important in vasodilation, promoting platelet aggregation, and bronchoconstriction.

In the stomach they stimulate mucous and bicarbonate . Vasodilate nearby blood vessels increasing blood flow to the stomach promoting new epithelial cell growth and inhibits acid secretion.

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12
Q

What is gastrin?

A

A protein that is secreted in response to food entering the stomach. It stimulates the parietal cells to produce HCl and aids in gastric motility.

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13
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Secrete HCl to help maintain low pH in the stomach in response to gastrin.

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14
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secrete pepsinogen to digest proteins

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15
Q

Which peptic ulcer disease is associated with weight gain?

A

Duodenal ulcers because pain decreases with eating.

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16
Q

Which peptic ulcer is associated with weight loss?

A

Gastric ulcer because pain increases with food d/t the physical presence of food as well as HCl production.

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17
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

Ulcer formation in the upper GI tract that affects the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

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18
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

Ulcer located in the stomach

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19
Q

What is a duodenal ulcer?

A

Found inside the duodenum which is the 1st part of the small intestine.

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20
Q

What are some risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?

A

Heavy drinking, smoking, hx of COPD, chronic NSAIDs, H pylori, genetic predisposition, cirrhosis, elderly over 65, and acute pancreatitis

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21
Q

What is Zollinger Ellison syndrome?

A

Peptic ulcer disease d/t hyper secretion of gastrin by tumor called gastrinoma resulting in excess amt of HCl.

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of stress ulcers?

A

Curling and Cushing

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23
Q

How does chronic NSAID use put someone at risk for developing peptic ulcers?

A

It blocks prostaglandins, breaking down the defense of our stomach lining

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24
Q

What does it mean that Crohn’s disease is transmural?

A

The damage and inflammation extends from the mucosa all the way down to the last layer known as the serosa.

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25
Q

Why is important for our digestive system to absorb folic acid and vitamin B12?

A

They are essential for DNA synthesis of RBCs in their early production. If we can’t absorb these things we can become anemic.

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26
Q

Which IBD has a cobble stone appearance?

A

Crohns because the inflammation is scattered with areas of healthy tissue

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27
Q

With which IBD is bloody diarrhea more common?

A

Ulcerative colitis because as the mucosa and epithelium are destroyed blood and serum might be released into the lumen.

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28
Q

With which IBD is the development of cancer more common?

A

Ulcerative colitis

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29
Q

What 2 complications can occur as a result of E. Coli infection ?

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura.

30
Q

The overgrowth of C diff can lead to what other colitis?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis-toxic dilation of the colon (life threatening form of c diff colitis)

31
Q

What is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

A

Diverticulosis is simply having the diverticula (bulging pouches) and diverticulitis is when the diverticula are inflamed.

32
Q

What kind of diarrhea is caused by celiac disease and lactase deficiency?

A

Osmotic

33
Q

How does Mg, sulfates, and phosphates cause osmotic diarrhea?

A

They are not absorbable so they pull fluid with them

34
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea?

A

When water is pulled into the bowel by the hyperosmotic nature of its contents in large quantities so that the colon is unable to reabsorb the excess fluid.

35
Q

What is short bowel syndrome?

A

When there isn’t enough time to absorb water in the large intestine leading to osmotic diarrhea. Often seen s/p colectomies.

36
Q

What is secretory diarrhea?

A

Caused by excess mucous secretion

37
Q

What are the 2 defecation reflexes?

A

Intrinsic myenteric and parasympathetic reflex.

38
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary constipation?

A

Keywords

Primary-bad diet
Secondary- to other disease

39
Q

What is an example of a functional intestinal obstruction?

A

Paralytic ileus

40
Q

What is borborygmus?

A

Loud gurgling rumbling heard with bowel obstruction

41
Q

What is vitamin A important for?

A

Vision

42
Q

Vitamin K plays a role in what?

A

Clotting factors

43
Q

Vitamin E deficiency can lead to what 2 things?

A

Testicular atrophy and neurologic defects in children

44
Q

A lack of lipase, amylase, trypsin, and/or chymotrypsin is called what?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

45
Q

What are possible causes of pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic resection, and cystic fibrosis

46
Q

Why do we need conjugated bile salts?

A

To emulsify and absorb fats

47
Q

What are 2 possible causes of bile salt insufficiency?

A

Liver disease or bile obstruction

48
Q

Why does albumin take unconjugated bilirubin to the liver?

A

It is lipid soluble and it needs to become conjugated water soluble

49
Q

What is hemolytic jaundice?

A

When RBCs are destroyed at a rate in excess of the livers ability to remove the bilirubin from the blood.

50
Q

What is asterixis?

A

Tremor of the hands

51
Q

What is a severe consequence of portal hypertension?

A

Esophageal and stomach varices

52
Q

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Prevents regurgitation from the stomach

53
Q

Which valve controls the rate of stomach emptying and regurgitation of intestinal contents?

A

Pyloric sphincter

54
Q

What segment of the intestinal tract is responsible for nutrient absorption?

A

Small intestines

55
Q

What are the divisions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, rectum, and anal canal

56
Q

What is the primary task of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water

57
Q

What’s the nervous system of the GI?

A

Enteric

58
Q

Which ANS increases activity of the enteric NS?

A

Parasympathetic innervation

59
Q

T/F. The intestinal smooth muscle has its own intrinsic slow wave activity led by specialized pace maker cells.

A

True

60
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Depressions in the epithelial lining of the stomach

61
Q

Why is intrinsic factor important?

A

Combines with vitamin B12 in the stomach and allows it to travel safely to the ileum so it can be absorbed

62
Q

How do prostaglandins and nitric oxide protect the mucosal layer of the stomach?

A

By stimulating the secretion of mucous and bicarbonate

And

Inhibiting the secretion of acid

63
Q

What is the role of prostaglandin E2?

A

Protects mucosal surface by inhibiting acid secretion and stimulates mucous

64
Q

What is the sphincter of odi?

A

Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct connect to dump into the duodenum

65
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

66
Q

Why is the liver important?

A

Produces bile
Metabolizes hormones and drugs
Synthesizes plasma proteins and blood clotting factors
Stores vitamins and minerals
Maintains blood glucose levels
Regulates very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels

67
Q

Why is the liver known as an excretory organ?

A

Because it metabolizes drugs and hormones

68
Q

Why is albumin important for GI?

A

Helps give us oncotic pressure

69
Q

Why does our liver clear ammonia?

A

Toxic to the neurons

70
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

alcohol abuse and gall stones

71
Q

Which lab values can given us an insight on liver function?

A

AST, ALT, bilirubin, GGT, and ALP

Patho (11 decks)

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