Renal Flashcards
What type of hypersensitivity is good pasture syndrome ?
Type 2
What type of hypersensitivity is IgA nephropathy aka Berger disease?
Type 3
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis leads to nephritic syndrome. What type of hypersensitivity is it?
Type 3
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Membranous glomerulonephritis.
Urinary tract infections can include infections where?
Upper urinary tract- kidneys and ureters
Lower urinary tract- bladder and urethra
Why are prostaglandins important for kidney function?
They help dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles
What is the most common solute that forms kidney stones?
Calcium (oxalate and phosphate)
What is hypercalciurea?
Elevated calcium levels in the urine
What are the risk factors for developing calcium kidney stones?
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria
What can cause increased levels of calcium?
Hyperparathyroidsim, prolonged immobility, increased gastrointestinal absorption, impaired renal reabsorption.
Why is excessive intake of meat, fish, poultry, red wine, and cheese a risk factor for developing uric acid stones?
Because uric acid is a breakdown product of purines and these foods are rich in purines.
What are struvite stones?
Sometimes called infection stones and are a mix of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
Which stones look like staghorns?
Struvite
What is a risk factor for developing cystine stones?
Genetic defect in renal cystine reabsorption
Which is the least common type of kidney stones?
Cystine
What are the 3 types of acute kidney injury?
Prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal
What are the causes of pre renal AKI?
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by hypovolemic states but also by hypervolemic states such as in heart failure.
What is the most common cause of intra renal AKI?
Acute tubular necrosis
What causes intra renal AKI?
Damage to the tubules, glomerulus, or the interstitium.
What can cause obstruction of urine resulting in post renal AKI?
BPH, prostate cancer, intra abdominal tumors that compress the ureter, and bilateral kidney stones.
What happens during the initiation phase of ATN?
Tubular epithelial cells are destroyed, they break off, and cause obstruction in the tubules.
What happens in the maintenance phase of ATN?
Systemic HTN, afferent arterioles vasoconstrict, GFR decreases, urine output decreases, and azotemia.
What happens in the recovery phase of ATN?
Diuresis because kidney can’t concentrate urine effectively. Increase in K, P, and BUN.
What is vesiculoureteral reflux?
Failure of the vesiculoureteral orifice which is a one way valve and as a result it will allow back flow of urine into the kidneys leading to kidney infections.
What is a hydroureter?
Dilation of the ureters caused by accumulation of urine
What is hydronephrosis?
Excessive accumulation of urine leading to dilation of the kidneys
What is the most common cause of ATN that leads to dark urine?
Myoglobin in the urine d/t intra tubular obstruction.
What can cause ATN?
Major surgery, severe hypovolemia, sepsis, trauma, burns, or nephrotoxic drugs.
What is the difference between chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury?
In chronic it is a subtle decrease in function happening in more than 3 months and AKI happens in less than 3 months.
What is azotemia?
Increased urea in the blood
How does CKD cause anemia?
Kidneys are not releasing erythropoietin which stimulates the production of RBCs
How does CKD cause osteodystrophies?
Kidneys are not able to activate vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium. This leads to HYPOCALCEMIA in the blood and hyperparathyroidism which causes more calcium to leave the bones to go to the bloodstream.
What micturation function does the pontine micturition center control?
The detrusor msl and external sphincter. When we voluntary control urine.
What portion of the spine controls the parasympathetic action of the detrusor muscle and the external sphincter?
S1-S4
What actions does the thoracolumbar control in micturation?
Sympathetic outflow
What kind of incontinence can areflexic bladder dysfunction lead to?
Overflow incontinence
What happens in areflexic bladder dysfunction?
Bladder squeezes but external sphincter does not relax.
Damage to what area of the spine causes areflexic bladder dysfunction?
S1-S4
What is spinal shock?
If there is a spinal cord region above the sacral region then immediately after all of the regions below the injury are suppressed.
What is detrusor hyperreflexia?
When the bladder goes into overdrive mode and people are not able to control flow of urine.
What kind of incontinence is associated with damage to the brain and pontine micturition center?
Urge incontinence
What is detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?
Detrusor muscle contracts but urine can’t go out because external sphincter also contracts.
Injury to what part of the spinal cord can cause detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?
From micturition center down to T12
