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Patho > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is good pasture syndrome ?

A

Type 2

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2
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is IgA nephropathy aka Berger disease?

A

Type 3

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3
Q

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis leads to nephritic syndrome. What type of hypersensitivity is it?

A

Type 3

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis.

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5
Q

Urinary tract infections can include infections where?

A

Upper urinary tract- kidneys and ureters

Lower urinary tract- bladder and urethra

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6
Q

Why are prostaglandins important for kidney function?

A

They help dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles

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7
Q

What is the most common solute that forms kidney stones?

A

Calcium (oxalate and phosphate)

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8
Q

What is hypercalciurea?

A

Elevated calcium levels in the urine

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for developing calcium kidney stones?

A

Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria

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10
Q

What can cause increased levels of calcium?

A

Hyperparathyroidsim, prolonged immobility, increased gastrointestinal absorption, impaired renal reabsorption.

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11
Q

Why is excessive intake of meat, fish, poultry, red wine, and cheese a risk factor for developing uric acid stones?

A

Because uric acid is a breakdown product of purines and these foods are rich in purines.

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12
Q

What are struvite stones?

A

Sometimes called infection stones and are a mix of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.

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13
Q

Which stones look like staghorns?

A

Struvite

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14
Q

What is a risk factor for developing cystine stones?

A

Genetic defect in renal cystine reabsorption

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15
Q

Which is the least common type of kidney stones?

A

Cystine

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of acute kidney injury?

A

Prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal

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17
Q

What are the causes of pre renal AKI?

A

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by hypovolemic states but also by hypervolemic states such as in heart failure.

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of intra renal AKI?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

19
Q

What causes intra renal AKI?

A

Damage to the tubules, glomerulus, or the interstitium.

20
Q

What can cause obstruction of urine resulting in post renal AKI?

A

BPH, prostate cancer, intra abdominal tumors that compress the ureter, and bilateral kidney stones.

21
Q

What happens during the initiation phase of ATN?

A

Tubular epithelial cells are destroyed, they break off, and cause obstruction in the tubules.

22
Q

What happens in the maintenance phase of ATN?

A

Systemic HTN, afferent arterioles vasoconstrict, GFR decreases, urine output decreases, and azotemia.

23
Q

What happens in the recovery phase of ATN?

A

Diuresis because kidney can’t concentrate urine effectively. Increase in K, P, and BUN.

24
Q

What is vesiculoureteral reflux?

A

Failure of the vesiculoureteral orifice which is a one way valve and as a result it will allow back flow of urine into the kidneys leading to kidney infections.

25
Q

What is a hydroureter?

A

Dilation of the ureters caused by accumulation of urine

26
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Excessive accumulation of urine leading to dilation of the kidneys

27
Q

What is the most common cause of ATN that leads to dark urine?

A

Myoglobin in the urine d/t intra tubular obstruction.

28
Q

What can cause ATN?

A

Major surgery, severe hypovolemia, sepsis, trauma, burns, or nephrotoxic drugs.

29
Q

What is the difference between chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury?

A

In chronic it is a subtle decrease in function happening in more than 3 months and AKI happens in less than 3 months.

30
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Increased urea in the blood

31
Q

How does CKD cause anemia?

A

Kidneys are not releasing erythropoietin which stimulates the production of RBCs

32
Q

How does CKD cause osteodystrophies?

A

Kidneys are not able to activate vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium. This leads to HYPOCALCEMIA in the blood and hyperparathyroidism which causes more calcium to leave the bones to go to the bloodstream.

33
Q

What micturation function does the pontine micturition center control?

A

The detrusor msl and external sphincter. When we voluntary control urine.

34
Q

What portion of the spine controls the parasympathetic action of the detrusor muscle and the external sphincter?

A

S1-S4

35
Q

What actions does the thoracolumbar control in micturation?

A

Sympathetic outflow

36
Q

What kind of incontinence can areflexic bladder dysfunction lead to?

A

Overflow incontinence

37
Q

What happens in areflexic bladder dysfunction?

A

Bladder squeezes but external sphincter does not relax.

38
Q

Damage to what area of the spine causes areflexic bladder dysfunction?

A

S1-S4

39
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

If there is a spinal cord region above the sacral region then immediately after all of the regions below the injury are suppressed.

40
Q

What is detrusor hyperreflexia?

A

When the bladder goes into overdrive mode and people are not able to control flow of urine.

41
Q

What kind of incontinence is associated with damage to the brain and pontine micturition center?

A

Urge incontinence

42
Q

What is detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?

A

Detrusor muscle contracts but urine can’t go out because external sphincter also contracts.

43
Q

Injury to what part of the spinal cord can cause detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?

A

From micturition center down to T12

Patho (11 decks)

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