Renal

Question 1

What type of hypersensitivity is good pasture syndrome ?

Answer 1

Type 2

Question 2

What type of hypersensitivity is IgA nephropathy aka Berger disease?

Answer 2

Type 3

Question 3

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis leads to nephritic syndrome. What type of hypersensitivity is it?

Answer 3

Type 3

Question 4

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 4

Membranous glomerulonephritis.

Question 5

Urinary tract infections can include infections where?

Answer 5

Upper urinary tract- kidneys and ureters

Lower urinary tract- bladder and urethra

Question 6

Why are prostaglandins important for kidney function?

Answer 6

They help dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 7

What is the most common solute that forms kidney stones?

Answer 7

Calcium (oxalate and phosphate)

Question 8

What is hypercalciurea?

Answer 8

Elevated calcium levels in the urine

Question 9

What are the risk factors for developing calcium kidney stones?

Answer 9

Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria

Question 10

What can cause increased levels of calcium?

Answer 10

Hyperparathyroidsim, prolonged immobility, increased gastrointestinal absorption, impaired renal reabsorption.

Question 11

Why is excessive intake of meat, fish, poultry, red wine, and cheese a risk factor for developing uric acid stones?

Answer 11

Because uric acid is a breakdown product of purines and these foods are rich in purines.

Question 12

What are struvite stones?

Answer 12

Sometimes called infection stones and are a mix of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.

Question 13

Which stones look like staghorns?

Answer 13

Struvite

Question 14

What is a risk factor for developing cystine stones?

Answer 14

Genetic defect in renal cystine reabsorption

Question 15

Which is the least common type of kidney stones?

Answer 15

Cystine

Question 16

What are the 3 types of acute kidney injury?

Answer 16

Prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal

Question 17

What are the causes of pre renal AKI?

Answer 17

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by hypovolemic states but also by hypervolemic states such as in heart failure.

Question 18

What is the most common cause of intra renal AKI?

Answer 18

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 19

What causes intra renal AKI?

Answer 19

Damage to the tubules, glomerulus, or the interstitium.

Question 20

What can cause obstruction of urine resulting in post renal AKI?

Answer 20

BPH, prostate cancer, intra abdominal tumors that compress the ureter, and bilateral kidney stones.

Question 21

What happens during the initiation phase of ATN?

Answer 21

Tubular epithelial cells are destroyed, they break off, and cause obstruction in the tubules.

Question 22

What happens in the maintenance phase of ATN?

Answer 22

Systemic HTN, afferent arterioles vasoconstrict, GFR decreases, urine output decreases, and azotemia.

Question 23

What happens in the recovery phase of ATN?

Answer 23

Diuresis because kidney can’t concentrate urine effectively. Increase in K, P, and BUN.

Question 24

What is vesiculoureteral reflux?

Answer 24

Failure of the vesiculoureteral orifice which is a one way valve and as a result it will allow back flow of urine into the kidneys leading to kidney infections.

Question 25

What is a hydroureter?

Answer 25

Dilation of the ureters caused by accumulation of urine

Question 26

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 26

Excessive accumulation of urine leading to dilation of the kidneys

Question 27

What is the most common cause of ATN that leads to dark urine?

Answer 27

Myoglobin in the urine d/t intra tubular obstruction.

Question 28

What can cause ATN?

Answer 28

Major surgery, severe hypovolemia, sepsis, trauma, burns, or nephrotoxic drugs.

Question 29

What is the difference between chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury?

Answer 29

In chronic it is a subtle decrease in function happening in more than 3 months and AKI happens in less than 3 months.

Question 30

What is azotemia?

Answer 30

Increased urea in the blood

Question 31

How does CKD cause anemia?

Answer 31

Kidneys are not releasing erythropoietin which stimulates the production of RBCs

Question 32

How does CKD cause osteodystrophies?

Answer 32

Kidneys are not able to activate vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium. This leads to HYPOCALCEMIA in the blood and hyperparathyroidism which causes more calcium to leave the bones to go to the bloodstream.

Question 33

What micturation function does the pontine micturition center control?

Answer 33

The detrusor msl and external sphincter. When we voluntary control urine.

Question 34

What portion of the spine controls the parasympathetic action of the detrusor muscle and the external sphincter?

Answer 34

S1-S4

Question 35

What actions does the thoracolumbar control in micturation?

Answer 35

Sympathetic outflow

Question 36

What kind of incontinence can areflexic bladder dysfunction lead to?

Answer 36

Overflow incontinence

Question 37

What happens in areflexic bladder dysfunction?

Answer 37

Bladder squeezes but external sphincter does not relax.

Question 38

Damage to what area of the spine causes areflexic bladder dysfunction?

Answer 38

S1-S4

Question 39

What is spinal shock?

Answer 39

If there is a spinal cord region above the sacral region then immediately after all of the regions below the injury are suppressed.

Question 40

What is detrusor hyperreflexia?

Answer 40

When the bladder goes into overdrive mode and people are not able to control flow of urine.

Question 41

What kind of incontinence is associated with damage to the brain and pontine micturition center?

Answer 41

Urge incontinence

Question 42

What is detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?

Answer 42

Detrusor muscle contracts but urine can’t go out because external sphincter also contracts.

Question 43

Injury to what part of the spinal cord can cause detrusor sphincter dyssynergia?

Answer 43

From micturition center down to T12