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Patho > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

If there is no ventilation going to an area of the lung what will the body do to compensaste?

A

The blood vessels going to that area will vasoconstrict to divert blood to another region of the lung tissue that is better ventilated.

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2
Q

What side does the oxygen dissociation curve shift if we are cold?

A

Left, we are holding on to oxygen

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3
Q

Shift to L or R

Increase in arterial PCO2, and 2,3 DPG but a drop in pH

A

Right because heme wants to give off oxygen to the tissues

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4
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve tell us?

A

Reflects the effect that oxygen saturation has on hemoglobins affinity for oxygen.

The affinity of heme for oxygen must change with metabolic needs of the tissues.

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5
Q

What happens during the 1st stage of a typical PNA infection?

A

Alveoli gets fulls of edema making the capillaries leaky and invasion of fluid and WBC to counteract bacterium.

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6
Q

Why is the 2nd stage of typical PNA infection called red hepatization ?

A

Because it resembles the liver

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7
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of of typical pneumonia infection?

A

Macrophages arrive

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8
Q

List risk factors for acquiring PNA?

A

Aspiration d/t loss of cough reflex
Impaired mucociliary blanket
Impaired immunity

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9
Q

What can cause a person to lose their cough reflex?

A

Stroke, NG tube, sedation, anesthesia, and neuromuscular diseases

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10
Q

What does nicotine do to the cilia of the throat cells?

A

Paralyzes them

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11
Q

Which side should you place a patient on if they have PNA and you are not concerned about exudate in the lung?

A

Good lung down to increase perfusion

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12
Q

Primary TB exposure?

A
  • 1st exposure.
  • About 5% develop active TB.
  • Most people go on to develop latent infection.
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13
Q

What is miliary TB?

A

When it spreads to the brain, kidneys, meninges, liver, etc.

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14
Q

What is secondary TB?

A

-reinfection or activation of dormant disease.

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15
Q

What is latent TB?

A
  • Previous exposure w/o sx.
  • dormant TB
  • Not active
  • cannot be transmitted to others
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16
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When there is air in the pleural space and loss of negative pressure

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17
Q

What are the common manifestations of a pneumothorax?

A

SOB and chest pain. Decreased breath sounds and hyperresonance on percussion.

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18
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

When an air filled blister, called a bleb, on the surface of the lung ruptures.

19
Q

Tension pneumothorax?

A
  • lung or chest wall injury allows air to go in.
  • Intrapleural space exceeds atmospheric pressure and one way valve is created.
  • Tracheal deviation
  • Cardiac tamponade
20
Q

Open pneumothorax?

A

Penetrating chest injury where air comes in on inspiration but can escape on expiration.

21
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

Inflammation of parietal pleura

22
Q

What are the symptoms of pleuritis?

A

Abrupt unilateral sharp pain associated with deep inspiration and localized to lower and lateral part of the chest.

Referred shoulder pain and worsening pain with chest movements.

23
Q

Does lung tissue have pain receptors?

A

No

24
Q

Does the parietal pleura have pain receptors?

A

Yes

25
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Abnormal collection of fluid or exudate in the pleural cavity

26
Q

What are the other types of pleural effusion?

A

Hemothorax, empyema, and chylothorax.

27
Q

What are possible causes of a hemothorax?

A

Chest injury, complications of chest surgery, malignancies, or aortic aneurysms.

28
Q

What is a chylothorax?

A

Lymph fluid in the pleural space

29
Q

Causes of chylothorax?

A

Trauma, inflammation, surgery, or if thoracic duct is disrupted.

30
Q

What are the symptoms of a pleural effusion?

A

Depends on size but pleurisy, SOB, orthopnea, decreased breath sounds, dullness on percussion, decreased tactile fremitus. If large enough possible tracheal deviation.

31
Q

What are the symptoms of atelectasis?

A

Tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, signs of hypoxemia, diminished chest expansion, decreased breath sounds, and intercostal retractions.

32
Q

What is alpha 1 antitrypsin associated with emphysema?

A

Protease inhibitor that protects against unintended damage

33
Q

Why is a patient with emphysema called a pink puffer?

A

Because although blood is oxygenated they have difficulty with exhalation and have pursed lip breathing because d/t loss of elasticity in the alveoli the amount of air forced out in a single breath is low.

34
Q

Why is the patient with chronic bronchitis called a blue bloater?

A

Because as air gets trapped inside the lung they will become hypoxemic and will develop signs of cyanosis.

35
Q

How do central chemoreceptors play a role in the respiratory system?

A

Measure the amt of C02 in the body. When they detect too much in the body they will signal the body to breathe.

36
Q

What can happen with the chemoreceptors in someone who has COPD and why?

A

They can shut off because someone with COPD might always have high levels of CO2

37
Q

What is the role of peripheral receptors in the respiratory system?

A

Measure the amount of oxygen in the blood stream not in the lungs.

38
Q

How can supplemental oxygen be harmful to a patient with COPD?

A

It can turn off their peripheral chemoreceptors too

39
Q

What is bronchiectasis? Hint: associated with cystic fibrosis

A

Airway wall damage causing permanent dilation of the bronchi

40
Q

What is pulmonary HTN?

A

Increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure is above 25 mmHg at rest

41
Q

Causes of hypoxemic respiratory failure?

A

COPD
Interstitial lung disease
Severe PNA
Atelectasis

42
Q

Causes of hypercapneic/ hypoxemic heart failure?

A

Fatigue

Depression of respiratory center or nerves that supply thoracic cage disorder

43
Q

Symptoms of ARDS?

A

Begins with SOB

Rapidly worsens to respiratory failure with signs of hypoxemia like cyanosis and edema with crackling lung sounds

44
Q

What is the normal PaO2/FiO2 ratio at sea level?

A

~400-500 mmHg

Patho (11 decks)

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