Skin, Joints, and Introduction to Surface Anatomy Flashcards
Dorsal
Top
Plantar
Bottom of foot
Palmar
Palm of hand
Sagittal plane
Divides body into right and left sides
Other names for sagittal plane
Median
Midsaggital
Parasagittal (if off to one side)
Coronal plane and other name
Divides into anterior and posterior
Frontal plane
Transverse plane and other names
Superior and inferior parts
Axial, horizontal, cross-sectional
Functions of skin
Protection from external environment Containment from body structures Thermoregulation Sensation Synthesis and storage of vitamin D
Skin is composed of
Epidermis and Dermis
Epidermis made of
superficial cellular layer
Dermis made of
Deeper connective tissue layer
Is epidermis vascular?
No
Where is epidermis thickest?
Palms and heels
______ terminate in epidermis’s deepest layers
Sensory nerves
Epidermis follows contours of ______
dermis
Epidermis derivatives
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair
Nails
Does dermis contain any epidermal derivatives?
Yes
____ and ____ are present in dermis
Blood vessels and nerves
Layer beneath dermis
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
Superficial fascia made of mostly
adipose tissue
Which layer will vary most from person to person?
Superficial fascia
Which layers do not contain epidermal derivativies?
None…they all contain them
Four types of connective tissues
Coverings
Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Aponeuroses
Layers of flat, broad, tissues
Layers of superficial fascia
Membranous and fatty
Deep (investing fascia)
Lies deep to superficial fascia and covers the muslces
What separates deep and superficial fascia
Fascial cleft (plane) that allows for two layers to glide on each other
Intermuscular septum
Extensions of deep fascia that attach to bone
Area where lots of vessels and nerves located
Deep fascia composition
Membranous
Subserous compostion
Membranous and fatty
Subserous fascia
Present in thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Supporting tissue for serous membrane that protect visceral organs of body cavities
Tension lines indicate
Primary direction of collagen fibers in the DERMIS
How to cut with tension lines?
Cut parallel to tension lines
Where should sutures extend into and why?
Dermis b/c it is the vascular layer
Blanching
Decreases blood supply and prevents healing, worsens scar formation, and increases risk for infectiojn
3 types of joints
Diarthrosis (synovial)
Cartilaginous
Synarthosis (fibrous)
Diarthrosis
Allows movement at joint and relatively unstable
Cartilaginous Joiunt
Slightly movable
Spine
Synarthrosis
Very little or no movement
Skull sutures
Parts of synovial joint
Joint Capsule Articular cartilege Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Collateral ligament Intra-articular ligaments/discs Blood vessels Nerves
Joint capsule
Collection of dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds entire joint
Connects bones on one side to bones on the other
Articular cartilage
Covers the surfaces of the bones
Synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
Covers non-articulating surfaces on the internal side of the joint capsule
Collateral ligaments
May be no more than thickenings of the joint capsule or may be ligaments external to the joint capsule that reinforce and add strength to the capsule
Intra-articular ligaments/discs
Internal ligaments that reinforce the joint or fibrocartilaginous structures that deepen the articulation and help to guide the movement associated with the joint
Provide strenght or deepen the socket
Blood vssels
All joints receive multiple blood supplies from any artery that passes by the joint.
_____ part of joint does not receive a blood supply
Articular cartilage
Nerves
Nerves that cross the joint send branches to innervate the joint
Arthrocentesis
Removal of fluid out of a joint using a sterile needle
Reasons for arthrocentesis
Find out why a joint is painful, swollen, or fluid filled
Drain fluid out of a swollen joint to decrease pain or increase mobility
Diagnose specific type of arthritis
Confirm diagnosis of infection
Check for crystals in joint fluid which could mean gout
C7 spinous process
Lump on the back of the neck
Are veins or arteries deeper?
Arteries
