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Anatomy and Radiology - Test 1 > Early Embryology > Flashcards

Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

Original thing formed after fertilization

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2
Q

Morula

A

Blastomere at 16 cell stage that forms compact ball of cells

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3
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Forms embryo and contributes to fetal membranes (amniotic and part of chorionic)

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4
Q

Outer cell mass

A

Contributes to fetal members (placenta and umbilical cord)

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5
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Surrounds blastmere and helps maintain the integrity of the cells

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6
Q

Days 1-5

A

Morula forms and zona pellucida is destroyed by enzymes from the outer cell mass

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7
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cells of morula secrete fluid to push inner cell mass to one side
Results in formation of blastocyst cavity
Embryo plants in wall of uterus

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8
Q

Embryoblast

A

Inner cell mass at one end of blastocyst

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9
Q

Trophoblast

A

Lines blastocyst cavity and contributes to placenta

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10
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Cellular inner layer lining blastocyst cavity

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11
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Invasive multinucleated cells that invade uterine endometrium to allow blastocyst to implant in uterus

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12
Q

Important hormone

A

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
Tells corpus luterm to secrete progesterone

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13
Q

Embryoblast differentiates into

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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14
Q

Epiblast

A

Adjacent to embryonic pole of blastocyst

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15
Q

Hypoblast

A

Cells adjacent to cavity

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16
Q

When embryoblast differentiates, it forms a

A

Bilaminar disc

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17
Q

How is amniotic cavity formed?

A

Migration of epiblast cells

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18
Q

Amnion

A

Cells lining amniotic cavity

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19
Q

How is yolk sac formed?

A

Migration of hypoblast cells

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20
Q

Exocoelomic membrane

A

Formed from hypoblast cells and surrounds the primitive yolk sac

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces appearing in the embryonic pole of the syncytiotrophoblast and begin to connect to intact uterine vessels to form circulation

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22
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm and derived from

A

Derived from exocoelomic membrane
Found in between exocoeleomic membrane and cytotrophoblast layer
Totally separates embryo proper from amniotic cavity and yolk sac

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23
Q

Isolated spaces

A

Formed when extraembryonic mesoderm begins to die

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24
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

Isolated spaces in the extraembryonic mesoderm coalesce to form one large space surrounding the mebryo proper, amnion, and primitive yolk sac

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25
Q

Connecting stalk and what does it form?

A

Portion of the extraembryonic mesoderm that connects embryo to the chorion
Becomes umbilical cord

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26
Q

Chorion comprised of what and what does it become?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm and cytotrophoblast

Becomes fetal component of placenta

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27
Q

Secondary/definitive yolk sac formed by

A

second wave of cells from hyopblast migrate inside exocoelomic membrane to form yolk sac

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28
Q

Buccopharyngeal membrane

A

Formed between hypo and epi layer near head

Forms mouth

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29
Q

Cloacal mebrane

A

Becomes anal opening

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30
Q

Primary villi formed from

A

Cytotrophoblast cells that begin to invade the syncytiotrophoblast

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31
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of three germ layers

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32
Q

Primitive streak

A

At cadual end

Caused by migrating epiblast cells invaginating into the hypoblast layer

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33
Q

Primitive pit/primitive node

A

Rostral streak of primitive pit

34
Q

Primitive streak appears as

A

Depression in the midline of the epiblast cell layer

35
Q

Endoderm cells and what they develop to

A

Epiblast cells that migrate through primitive streak and replace hypoblast cells
Become linings of digestive, resp, urogen, and phyrangeal pouches of head and eck

36
Q

Mesoderm cells and what they develop to

A

Migrate through primitive streak and sandwich between endoderm and ecotderm layers
Become skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, most cartilage and bone, dermis of skin, portion of kidneys and gonads

37
Q

Mesoderm layer also called

A

Intraembryonic mesoderm

38
Q

Notochord

A

Midline specialized cells in the region of the endoderm and mesoderm

39
Q

Ectoderm cells

A

Remaining epiblast cells once mesoderm and endoderm cells have migrated through
Develop into nervous system and epidermis

40
Q

All germ layers derived from

A

Epiblast

41
Q

Direction of epiblast migration

A

The more caudal the cells, the more laterally they move

Caudal cells form more lateral structures while cells from the node form more midline structures

42
Q

What layer doesn’t exist at body cavities?

A

Mesoderm

43
Q

Notochord, what it forms and what are remnants

A

Basis of vertebral column
Mesoderm cells between ecto and endo layers that migrate in cephalic direction
Induces CNS
Nucleus pulposus

44
Q

Prechordal plate

A

Head organizer

45
Q

Neurulation

A

Results in formation of primitive nervous system

46
Q

Mechanism of neurulation

A

Notochord secretes inducing factors which cause the overlying ectoderm to proliferate and thicken into the neural plate
Begins at cranial end

47
Q

why does Neural groove form?

A

Forms in midline due to proliferation of cells on lateral edge of neural plate

48
Q

Neural folds

A

Continued overgrowth of neural plate results in the neuroectoderm becoming more elevated along laterla margins

49
Q

Neural crest cells

A

At the crest of neural folds…will eventually migrate from neural ectoderm to deeper mesoderm

50
Q

Nerual tube formation

A

Neural folds approach one another and fuse in the region of the future neck…grow toward both ends

51
Q

Anterior and posterior neuropores

A

Cranial and caudal ends of the neural tube still open to the amniotic cavity

52
Q

Exencephaly and other name

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

Cranioschisis

53
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of posterior to close

54
Q

Spina bifida oculta

A

Absense of portion of the vertebral arch and is covered by skin…midline patch of hair

55
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

More severe…meninges or spinal cord protrude through skin

56
Q

Meningomyelocele vs. meningocele

A

Meningomyelocele - Both spinal cord and meninges protude

Meningocele - only the meninges are protruding

57
Q

Mesoderm specializes into

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral phase

58
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

Most medial

Create somites

59
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Least extensively developed

Becomes parts of urogenital system

60
Q

Lateral mesoderm and splits

A

Somatic (parietal) portion in contact with ectoderm

Splanchnic (visceral) portion in contact with endoderm

61
Q

Somatic mesoderm becomes

A

Serosa of body cavities and long bones and connective tissue of body wall

62
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm becomes

A

Smooth muscle of GI and serosa of superfical surfaces of organs

63
Q

Intraembryonic coelom

A

Located between somatic and splanchnic mesoderms

Continuous with extraembryonic coelem (chorionic cavity)

64
Q

What forces transverse folding?

A

Overgroth of paraxial mesoderm and nervous system

65
Q

When does mesoderm split?

A

During transverse folding

66
Q

Yolk sac becomes

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

67
Q

Longitudinal folding caused by

A

Rapid growth of neural plate at both ends

Moves the heart and septum transversum to the caudal side of the body

68
Q

What becomes digestive system?

A

Part of yolk sac closest to the embryo

69
Q

Foregut

A

Lower respiratory system, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and initial part of duodenum

70
Q

Midgut

A

Remainder of small intestine, much of large

71
Q

Hindgut

A

Becomes rectum, anal canal, and portion of urogenital

72
Q

Allantois

A

Caudal extension of hindgut that extends into connecting stalk

73
Q

Decidual rection

A

Uterine cells fill with lipids and glycogen at implantation site

74
Q

Primary chorionic villi

A

Formed by pegs of cytotrophoblast cells that protrude into the syncytiotrophoblast

75
Q

Secondary villi

A

When the extraembryonic mesoderm invades the core of the cytotrophoblast

76
Q

Embryonic vessels form from

A

Mesodermal cells within cytotrophoblasts pegs of tissue

77
Q

Tertiary or stem villi

A

Villi with capillary networks

78
Q

Intervillous space

A

Where maternal blood pools

79
Q

Last thing for cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

A

Syncytiotrophoblast surrounds lacunae to form intervillous spaces
Cytotrophoblast becomes continuous superficially with syncytiotrophoblast…anchors chorion to the decidue basalis of uterus

80
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm replaces _______ as folding occurs

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm on the superficial surface of the endoderm-lined yolk sac

Anatomy and Radiology - Test 1 (21 decks)

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