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Anatomy and Radiology - Test 1 > Introduction to Radiology and Imaging Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Radiology and Imaging Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

X-ray mechanism

A

X-ray photons interact with tissue and are either attenuated or pass through tissue

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2
Q

X-rays have the ability to____

A

penetrate tissue

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3
Q

Types of attentuation

A

Absorption

Scatter

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4
Q

What changes the appearance of radiograph

A

Direction and orientation of the object imaged

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5
Q

Radiography machine made of

A

Detector and X-ray source

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6
Q

No penetration of x-ray

A

Radiopaque (white)

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7
Q

Complete penetration of x-ray

A

Radiolucent (black)

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8
Q

Degree of x-ray penetration depends on

A

Atomic Number

Thickness

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9
Q

Higher atomic number means

A

More radiopaque, whiter, more absorption

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10
Q

Thicker means

A

More radiopaque, whiter, more absorption

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11
Q

What can x-ray not distinguish between

A

Water and soft tissue

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12
Q

Radiography as a function of composition (radiopaque to radiolucent)

A

Metal, bone, soft tissue/water, fat, gas

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13
Q

X-ray contrast agents and how they change

A

Iodine or barium
Attenuate the x-ray beam
Appear very radiopaque

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14
Q

Barium (x-ray)

A

Only for enteric use

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15
Q

Iodine (x-ray)

A

For enteric or vascular use

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16
Q

Enteric contrast agents administered either

A

Oral or rectally

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17
Q

Intravascular contrast agents (x-ray)

A

Iodine only

Venous or arterial

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18
Q

Lipohemarthrosis

A

Joint effusion containing fat and blood/fluid

Fat gloats to the top because it is less dense

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19
Q

Radiographic views of x-ray

A

Frontal (anteroposterior or posteroanterior)

Lateral

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20
Q

Orientation of X-ray

A

As if you are looking straight at the patients face

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21
Q

Way that lateral chest x-ray named

A

Side that is against the detector

Ex. left lateral

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22
Q

Do you need more than one view with x-ray?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Orthogonal views

A

Views at 90 degrees of each other

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24
Q

What kind of image does CT give?

A

Axial slice through body

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25
Q

Advantages of CT over radiography

A

CT eliminates superimposition of structures outside area of interest
CT has high-contrast so can better differentiate things like water and soft tissue
Data can be viewed in axial, coronal, or sagittal planes (multiplanar)

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26
Q

CT uses _________

A

ionizing radiation

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27
Q

Disadvantage of CT scan

A

Higher radiation dose

28
Q

2 components of CT

A

Gantry and table

29
Q

Mechanism of CT

A

X ray tube and detector rotate around the patient

30
Q

Orientation of CT images

A

As if you are looking at the patients feet on the bed

31
Q

CT units used

A

Attenuation

32
Q

Attenuation

A

Degree to which something blocks a photon

33
Q

Attenuation can be expressed how many ways?

A

2 - qual and quant

34
Q

Low attenuation to high attenuation of CT

A

Gas, fat, water, muscle, active blood, contrast, bone

35
Q

CT image composed of

A

voxels

36
Q

CT windows _____

A

refer to adjustment of gray scale to highlight areas of interest

37
Q

CT enteric contrast

A

Iodine or barium based solutions

38
Q

H2O soluble CT contrast agent

A

Iodine

39
Q

H2O insoluble CT contrast agent

A

Barium

40
Q

Intravenous contrast media

A

Iodine based

Will make all organs with large blood supply much brighter (aorta, kidneys, liver)

41
Q

Names for relative attenuation

A

Hypoattenuating
Isoattenuating
Hyperattenuating

42
Q

CT enhancement

A

Increase in attenuation of a tissue after contrast administration

43
Q

CT and metal

A

Can’t handle metal and will create lines across the image

44
Q

Ultrasound mechanism

A

Based on acoustic sound waves
No ionizing radiation
Pulses emitted by transducer and reflected back by body tissues

45
Q

Why use gel?

A

Air and gas are highly reflective so if present, sound wave will not make it to the body

46
Q

Brightness of US depends on

A

Amplitude of signal

47
Q

Depth of US image depends on

A

Timing at which echo originated

48
Q

What will sound not travel through?

A

Gas and bone

Can only see cortex of bone because of this

49
Q

Orientations of US images

A

Longitudinal (sagittal)/transverse (axial)

50
Q

If target moving towad transducer…

A

FR>FT

51
Q

If target moving away from transducer…

A

FT

52
Q

Color doppler

A

Frequency info can be used to determine direction of flow in blood vessels
Uses frequency shift

53
Q

Fluid in ultrasound

A

Doesn’t show up

54
Q

Ultrasound terminology

A

Anechoic/Echolucent
Hypoechoic
Hyperechoic/echogenic

55
Q

MRI mechanism

A

Uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to create images
Imaging protons
No ionizing radiation

56
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A

Takes a lot longer

57
Q

MRI components

A

Magnet and table

58
Q

MRI T2 weighted

A 
Fluid is bright 
Highlights pathology (edema)
59
Q

MRI T1 weighted

A

Fluid dark

Highlights anatomy

60
Q

Fluid in MRI

A

Stationary relative to how fast the scan takes place can be imaged

61
Q

In MRI, fat is typically

A

Bright

62
Q

MRI fat saturation

A

Fat signal is nulled

63
Q

Vascular contrast MRI

A

Vessels and organs will be high in signal intensity on T1 ONLY weighted images

64
Q

Advantages of fat saturation

A

Can help to highlight edema

65
Q

MRI terminology

A 
Hypointense (low SI)
Isointense
Hyperintense (High SI)
66
Q

MRI contrast agents

A

Gadolinium based

Makes tissues bright on T1 weighted sequences

67
Q

DIfferences between MRI and CT

A

Bones much brighter in CT

Anatomy and Radiology - Test 1 (21 decks)

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