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LOCO2 > Skin Infections > Flashcards

Skin Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How can antibiotics lead to skin conditions

A

Kill normal flora leading to pathogenic overgrowth

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2
Q

Characteristics of epidermis to prevent infection

A

Dry - unfavourable for pathogens
Desquamates constantly
Chemical barrrier - eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands, oleochemicals acid
Colonisation by non pathogenic skin flora

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3
Q

Dysbiosis

A

disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota

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4
Q

Normal skin flora benefits

A

Produce molecules that inhibit colonisation from other species
Remains stable
Educates immune response

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5
Q

Why does the normal skin flora thrive on the skin better than pathogenic flora

A

Adapted to harsh dry environment and sparse butrients

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6
Q

3 main microenvironment on the skin

A

Moist - axilla perineum toe webs
Oily - hands face trunk
Dry - upper arms legs

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7
Q

Microorganism forming 90% of normal skin flora

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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8
Q

What pathogen causes folliculitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - hot tub folliculitis

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9
Q

Folliculitis

A

Infection and inflammation of 1 or more hair follicles forming a pimple with a white top or barbers itch

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10
Q

Folliculitis treatment

A

Oral antibiotic
Retinoic acid

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11
Q

Which of folliculitis, cellulitis, erysipelas, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, and necrotising fasciitis are superficial bacterial infections and which are deep

A

Superficial - Folliculitis, impetigo
Deep - cellulitis, erysipelas, scalded skin syndrome, necrotising fasciitis

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12
Q

What bacteria cause impetigo

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

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13
Q

How does impetigo present

A

Red sore near mouth/nose which breaks leaking pus and forming HONEY coloured scabs

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14
Q

Does impetigo cause permanent scarring

A

Not usually

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15
Q

Impetigo treatment

A

Most cases resolve untreated in a few wks
Mild - 1% hydrogen peroxide cream
Severe/spread to other areas - Oral/topical antibiotic

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16
Q

Cellulitis

A

Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous fat

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17
Q

What bacteria cause cellulitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

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18
Q

Most common cellulitis sites

A

Legs
Face

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19
Q

Erysipelas

A

Cellulitis of the face

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20
Q

Differences between cellulitis and erysipelas

A

C affects anywhere on body e effects face
C effects dermis and sub cut fat, e effects only dermis
E has sharper borders
C can be caused by staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus progenies, erysipelas only streptococcus pyogenes

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21
Q

Cellulitis and erysipelas treatment

A

Oral antibiotics

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22
Q

What bacteria causes scalded skin syndrome

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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23
Q

Scalded skin syndrome

A

denudation of the skin caused by exotoxin producing strains of the Staphylococcus species forming widespread fluid filled blisters which easily break

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24
Q

How do exotoxins of staphylococcus aureus cause scalded skin syndrome

A

Destroy Desmosomes holding keratinocytes in granulosum and spinosum layers together

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25
Q

What is Nikolskys sign and what is a condition that causes a positive sign

A

top layers of the skin slip away from the lower layers when rubbed
Scalded skin syndrome - twisting pencil rubber on blister breaks blister

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26
Q

Scalded skin syndrome treatment

A

Conservative - rehydration + antipyretics, usually complete resolution within 10 days
Parenteral antibiotics

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27
Q

Most common locations of necrotising fasciitis

A

Abdomen
Groin

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28
Q

Necrotising fasciitis treatment

A

Surgical debridement
Empiric antibiotics
Hyperbaric oxygen

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29
Q

Empiric antibiotics

A

antibiotics that are administered during the period prior to the receipt of blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results

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30
Q

What HPV types cause viral warts and veruccas

A

1, 2, 4, 7, 22, 63
3, 19 and 28 cause flat warts

31
Q

How does HPV cause viral warts and veruccas

A

DNA virus infects basal cells of epidermis -> proliferation of infected basal keratinocytes -> lesions

32
Q

What happens to untreated viral warts and veruccas

A

Cleared by immune system within 2 years

33
Q

Viral wart and veruccas treatment

A

Topical salicylic acid
Fluorouracil cream
Cryosurgery
Surgical curettage
CO2 Laser treatment

34
Q

What lesions are caused by herpes simplex type 1 and sometimes type 2 on the mouth and fingers

A

Mouth - cold sore
Finger - hepatic whitlow

35
Q

Herpes virus treatment

A

Topical or oral antivirals

36
Q

What causes Herpes zoster/shingles

A

Reactivation of varicella zoster virus

37
Q

Where does Herpes zoster virus integrate in the body and stay dormant

A

DRG of sensory neurones

38
Q

How does shingles present

A

Single wide stripe rash down one side of body
Often down 1/2 of face and tongue

39
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia

A

Long term pain in skin affected by shingles after shingles has resolved

40
Q

How long after onset of shingles can antivirals be administered to reduce severity

A

72hrs

41
Q

What type of pathogen causes molluscum contagiosum

A

Virus

42
Q

How are molloscum warts spread

A

Contact
Fomites

43
Q

How long do molluscum/water warts last

A

Years

44
Q

Molloscum/water warts treatment

A

Usually resolves without treatment
Severe/in genital area - OTC wart treatments, cryo surgery

45
Q

What type of pathogen causes Candida albicans and pityriasis versicolour

A

Yeast

46
Q

What conditions are caused by opportunistic growth of Candida albicans

A

Genital thrush
Intertrigo
Oral plaques
Paronychia

47
Q

Predisposing factors to Candida albicans opportunistic infection

A

Moist enviro
Obesity - skin folds
Diabetes
Immunosuppression
Antibiotics
Repeated hand washing and nail biting - paronychia

48
Q

Where is Candida albicans found normally

A

Mouth
GI tract

49
Q

Overgrowth of pityrosporum orbiculare yeast causes what condition

A

Pityriasis versicolour

50
Q

Pityriasis versicolour appearance

A

Brown/pink scaly patches, lighter than normal skin on darker skin, darker on Caucasian skin

51
Q

How does pityriasis versicolour change throughout the year

A

Clears during winter, reappears during summer

52
Q

What makes pityriasis versicolour more common

A

Hot humid climate
Heavy sweating

53
Q

Pityriasis versicolour treatment

A

Anti fungal shampoo - ketaconazole
Selenium sulphide
Anti fungal creams

54
Q

Dermatophyte

A

Multicellular fungal filaments or hyphae that reproduce by spore formation

55
Q

Tinea

A

Fungal skin infection within stratum corneum, hair , or nails
Aka ringworm

56
Q

3 genera of tinea

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

57
Q

5 sites of ringworm

A

Tinea corporis - body and limbs
Tinea cruris — groin
Tinea pedis - athletes foot
Tinea capitis - scalp
Onychomycosis - nails

58
Q

Tinea treatment

A

Topical anti fungals
Oral anti fungals - severe

59
Q

What causes symptoms of scabies

A

Allergic reaction to mites

60
Q

How do scabies spread

A

Prolonged skin to skin contact

61
Q

What is the more severe form of scabies

A

Crusted scabies

62
Q

Scabies treatment

A

Permethrin, ivermectin, and crotamiton orally or washes

63
Q

Scabies symptoms

A

Rash
Intense Pruritis worse at night

64
Q

Why do scabies symptoms persist for weeks after removal of mites

A

Fecal matter from mites irritates skin until sloughed off

65
Q

What mute causes scabies

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

66
Q

What bacteria causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia

67
Q

Lyme disease first symptom

A

Erythema migrans - expanding red bulls eye rash at site of tick bite

68
Q

Lyme disease treatment

A

Tick removal
Antibiotics 1-4wks

69
Q

What bacteria cause leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium lepromatosis

70
Q

Appearance of leprosy skin lesions

A

Pale/pink patches often insensitive to temperature or pain

71
Q

Leprosy treatment

A

Rifampicin
Dapsone
Clofazimine

72
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Tropical disease causes by trypanosomes spread by sandflies. Cutaneous form most common

73
Q

Leishmaniasis skin lesions

A

Open sore at site of sandfly bite which heals in a few months - 18months leaving a scar

74
Q

What sepsis complication is associated with cutaneous necrosis

A

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

LOCO2 (26 decks)

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