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LOCO2 > Cutaneous Inflammation > Flashcards

Cutaneous Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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2
Q

Cells found in skin during inflammation

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Plasma cell
Macrophage
Mast cell

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3
Q

What type of cell are langerhans cells

A

Dendritic

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4
Q

Langerhans location and function

A

Epidermis
Present antigens to CD4+ helper T cells and transport antigens to lymph nodes

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5
Q

What types of inflammation are Th1, TH2, and Th17 cells involved in

A

1 - neutrophilic inflam - extracellular
2 - monocytic inflam - intracellular
3 - eosinophilic, basophils, mast cell - helminths

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6
Q

Types of inflammation in skin

A

1 Mast cell mediated
2 Antibody mediated
3 Immune complex mediated
4 Delayed hypersensitivity
5 Granuloma formation

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7
Q

What type of inflammation causes urticaria

A

Mast cell mediated

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8
Q

What type of inflammation causes pemphigus

A

Antibody mediated

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9
Q

What type of inflammation causes vasculitis

A

Immune complex mediated

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10
Q

What type of inflammation causes contact allergic dermatitis

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

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11
Q

What type of inflammation causes TB and sarcoidosis

A

Granuloma formation

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12
Q

Causes of mast cell degranulation

A

Aspirin
NSAIDs
Serum factors
Insect stings
Allergens

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13
Q

What does mast cell degranulation release

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Platelet aggregating factor

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14
Q

Which cells are recruited and activated by mast cell degranulation

A

Monocytes and macrophages
Dendritic cells
T cells
Neutrophils basophils eosinophils
Epithelial cells

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15
Q

Effects of mast cell degranulation

A

Vascular leak
Bronchoconstriction
Intestinal hypermotility
Inflammation
Tissue remodelling
Phagocytosis
Antimicrobial activity
Degradation of endogenous toxic mediators

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16
Q

Effects of Histamine

A

Stimulates sensory nerves - itch
Bronchospasm
Smooth muscle contraction -> vessel leakage and oedema
Arteriole dilation -> headache + hypotension
Modulation of immune response

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17
Q

Which receptor does histamine modulate the immune response via

A

H2 receptor

18
Q

Where is the Der P1 enzyme allergen found

A

Faecal pellets of dust mites

19
Q

Which type of inflammation causes urticaria asthma and hay fever

A

Mast cell mediated

20
Q

Anaphylaxis process

A

Antigen released into blood -> binds to IgE on basophils -> massive inflammatory mediators release -> bronchospasm + circulatory collapse

21
Q

Urticaria

A

pruritic, pale, blanching swellings of the superficial dermis that last for up to 24 hours

22
Q

Cutaneous demographism

A

Exaggerated urticarial response to pressure or scratching on skin
Allows words to be written on skin

23
Q

Acute Angioedema

A

Sudden swelling often caused by allergic reaction

24
Q

Which monoclonal antibody is now being used for resistant urticaria and asthma

A

Omalizumab

25
Q

Desmosome

A

Junction betweeen keratinocytes

26
Q

Acanthiolysis

A

loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes
Occurs in pemfigus

27
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

autoimmune bullous diseases characterised by blisters and erosions of the mucous membranes and skin
Pemphigus vulgaris is most common variant

28
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris on histology

A

Suprabasal splitting
Acanthiolysis

29
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris treatments

A

Oral steroids
Immunosuppression - c mycophenolate mofetil, Azathioprine
Rituximab

30
Q

Pathophysiology of complex mediated vasculitis

A

Immune complexes lead to ->
Deposition of fibrin
Vessel wall necrosis
Proteases degrade basement membrane zone
Leaky vessel extravasion of blood and oedema

31
Q

Cutaneous manifestations of vasculitis

A

Erythema and oedema
Palpable pereira
Ulceration and necrosis

32
Q

What antigen and antibody lead to systemic lupus erythematosus

A

DNA
anti-DNA

33
Q

What antibody and antigen cause polyarteritis nodosa

A

HBsAg
Anti-HBsAb

34
Q

Effects of IL2 and IFNgamma in allergic contact dermatitis

A

Promote Th1 response
Promote macrophage response
Skin inflammation 48-72hrs after challenge

35
Q

Granuloma formation process

A

Mycobacterium tb ->
Clinal T cell expansion ->
Th1 cytokine excretion ->
Macrophage activation
Macrophages transform to form epithelioid macrophages and fuse to form langhans giant cells + foreign body giant cells ->
Combine to form granuloma

36
Q

What can cause formation of a granuloma

A

Tb
Sarcoidosis
Foreign body granulomas - eg tattoos

37
Q

What condition is caused by an autoimmune attack on the hair follicle

A

Alopecia areata

38
Q

What condition is caused by an autoimmune attack on melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

39
Q

What hair abnormalities can alopecia areata cause

A

Hair falling out
Hair regrowing white
Hair Turing white

40
Q

Does vitiligo respond better to treatment on the hands or face

A

Face

41
Q

What new drug can be used for alopecia areata and vitiligo

A

JAK inhibitors - ruxolitinib

42
Q

Potential risks of JAK inhibitors

A

Thromboembolic disease
Cancer

LOCO2 (26 decks)

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