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LOCO2 > Fractures And Bone Healing > Flashcards

Fractures And Bone Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Most common types of fractures in over and under 75s

A

Over 75s hip
Under 75s Colles + Colles like wrist

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2
Q

Difference between closed and open fractures

A

Closed bone fragments don’t pierce skin
Open/compound fragments pierce skin

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3
Q

Difference between displaced and undisplaced fractures

A

Displaced bone pieces out of anatomical alignment

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4
Q

What type of fractures are formed by bending forces on bone

A

Transverse
Greenstick

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5
Q

Which type of fracture is caused by compression forces on bone

A

Impacted
Torus
Crush

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6
Q

Types of fracture

A

Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
Avulsed
Impacted
Torus
Greenstick

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7
Q

Which fracture types are only in children

A

Greenstick
Torus

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8
Q

What causes shortening in femur fractures

A

Quads pull bone fragments

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9
Q

What type of blood supply does the scaphoid bone have

A

Retrograde

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10
Q

Why does a scaphoid fracture have a risk of avascular necrosis

A

Retrograde blood supply can be disrupted by fracture cutting off blood to fragment

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11
Q

Why is there bad blood supply to the scaphoid

A

Almost surrounded by joint fluid

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12
Q

What causes spiral or oblique fractures

A

Twisting force transmitted through limb from a distance

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13
Q

What type of force causes transverse fractures

A

Directly applied force

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14
Q

What causes compression/crush fractures

A

Compression in cancellous bone

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15
Q

What causes burst fractures

A

Strong direct pressure in short bones

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16
Q

Most common site of burst fractures

A

Thoracic lumbar junction

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17
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Bone fragment torn off by tendon or ligament

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18
Q

What causes avulsion fractures

A

Traction

19
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation

20
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Bone fragments pushed into each other

21
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone broken into >2 fragments

22
Q

2 types of stress fractures

A

Fatigue fracture
Insufficiency fracture

23
Q

Difference between fatigue fractures and insufficiency fractures

A

Fatigue caused by abnormal stress on normal bone
Insufficiency caused by normal stress on abnormal bone
Both types of stress fracture

24
Q

Are fractures visible on bone scintigraphy before or after plain films

A

Same time or before

25
Q

Bone scintigraphy

A

nuclear medicine imaging technique of the bone

26
Q

Why are MRI scans usually not useful for bones and when are they useful

A

Bones too dry
Useful during inflammation

27
Q

Torus fracture

A

Child Bone crumples, buckles, or bulges as more soft than adult bone

28
Q

What is the adult version of a torus fracture

A

Impact

29
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Child bone bends without fracturing completely as more soft than adult bones

30
Q

What is the adult version of Greenstick fractures and torus fractures

A

Greenstick - Transverse
Torus - impact

31
Q

What may fractures of the epiphyseal growth plate interfere with

A

Growth

32
Q

What classification is used for epiphyseal growth plate fractures

A

Salter Harris classification

33
Q

Salter Harris classification classes of epiphyseal growth plate fractures

A

Type 1 - complete physeal fracture with/without displacement
Type 2 - physeal fracture extends through metaphysis making chip
Type 3 - physalis fracture extends through epiphysis
Type 4 - physeal fracture extends through epiphysis and metaphysis
Type 5 - compression fracture of growth plate

34
Q

4 stages of bone healing

A

Fracture haematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus
Bone remodelling

35
Q

Fracture haematoma stage of bone healing

A

Blood from vessels forms clot
Swelling and inflammation from dead bone cells

36
Q

How long after a fracture for a fracture haematoma to form

A

6-8hrs

37
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus stage of bone healing

A

Capillaries organise fracture haematoma into procallus -> fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade procallus -> make collagen fibres which connect bone ends -> chondroblasts start to produce fibrocartilage

38
Q

What is a procallus made of and what stage of bone healing does it form during

A

Granulation tissue
Fibrocartilaginous callus stage

39
Q

How long does the Fibrocartilaginous callus last

A

3wks

40
Q

What happens in the bony callus stage of bone healing

A

Osteoblasts make woven bone

41
Q

What type of bone forms the bony callus

A

Woven

42
Q

How long does the bony callus last

A

3-4 months

43
Q

What happens in the bone remodelling stage of bone healing

A

Osteoclasts remodel woven bone to compact bone and trabecular bone

LOCO2 (26 decks)

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