Fractures And Bone Healing Flashcards
Most common types of fractures in over and under 75s
Over 75s hip
Under 75s Colles + Colles like wrist
Difference between closed and open fractures
Closed bone fragments don’t pierce skin
Open/compound fragments pierce skin
Difference between displaced and undisplaced fractures
Displaced bone pieces out of anatomical alignment
What type of fractures are formed by bending forces on bone
Transverse
Greenstick
Which type of fracture is caused by compression forces on bone
Impacted
Torus
Crush
Types of fracture
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
Avulsed
Impacted
Torus
Greenstick
Which fracture types are only in children
Greenstick
Torus
What causes shortening in femur fractures
Quads pull bone fragments
What type of blood supply does the scaphoid bone have
Retrograde
Why does a scaphoid fracture have a risk of avascular necrosis
Retrograde blood supply can be disrupted by fracture cutting off blood to fragment
Why is there bad blood supply to the scaphoid
Almost surrounded by joint fluid
What causes spiral or oblique fractures
Twisting force transmitted through limb from a distance
What type of force causes transverse fractures
Directly applied force
What causes compression/crush fractures
Compression in cancellous bone
What causes burst fractures
Strong direct pressure in short bones
Most common site of burst fractures
Thoracic lumbar junction
Avulsion fracture
Bone fragment torn off by tendon or ligament
What causes avulsion fractures
Traction
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
Impacted fracture
Bone fragments pushed into each other
Comminuted fracture
Bone broken into >2 fragments
2 types of stress fractures
Fatigue fracture
Insufficiency fracture
Difference between fatigue fractures and insufficiency fractures
Fatigue caused by abnormal stress on normal bone
Insufficiency caused by normal stress on abnormal bone
Both types of stress fracture
Are fractures visible on bone scintigraphy before or after plain films
Same time or before
Bone scintigraphy
nuclear medicine imaging technique of the bone
Why are MRI scans usually not useful for bones and when are they useful
Bones too dry
Useful during inflammation
Torus fracture
Child Bone crumples, buckles, or bulges as more soft than adult bone
What is the adult version of a torus fracture
Impact
Greenstick fracture
Child bone bends without fracturing completely as more soft than adult bones
What is the adult version of Greenstick fractures and torus fractures
Greenstick - Transverse
Torus - impact
What may fractures of the epiphyseal growth plate interfere with
Growth
What classification is used for epiphyseal growth plate fractures
Salter Harris classification
Salter Harris classification classes of epiphyseal growth plate fractures
Type 1 - complete physeal fracture with/without displacement
Type 2 - physeal fracture extends through metaphysis making chip
Type 3 - physalis fracture extends through epiphysis
Type 4 - physeal fracture extends through epiphysis and metaphysis
Type 5 - compression fracture of growth plate
4 stages of bone healing
Fracture haematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus
Bone remodelling
Fracture haematoma stage of bone healing
Blood from vessels forms clot
Swelling and inflammation from dead bone cells
How long after a fracture for a fracture haematoma to form
6-8hrs
Fibrocartilaginous callus stage of bone healing
Capillaries organise fracture haematoma into procallus -> fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade procallus -> make collagen fibres which connect bone ends -> chondroblasts start to produce fibrocartilage
What is a procallus made of and what stage of bone healing does it form during
Granulation tissue
Fibrocartilaginous callus stage
How long does the Fibrocartilaginous callus last
3wks
What happens in the bony callus stage of bone healing
Osteoblasts make woven bone
What type of bone forms the bony callus
Woven
How long does the bony callus last
3-4 months
What happens in the bone remodelling stage of bone healing
Osteoclasts remodel woven bone to compact bone and trabecular bone
