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4th year > Skin + Endocrine > Flashcards

Skin + Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

skin sampling techniques and there uses

A

Coat Brushing: flea faeces, cheyletiella
Skin Scrape: mites
Hair Pluck: mites, eggs, dermatophytes, hair structure
Cytology (tape): cell types, pathogens, neoplasia

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2
Q

clinical indications of a skin biopsy

A

suspect neoplasia, unusual/severe signs, persistent ulceration, no response to treatment,

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3
Q

skin biopsy selection and collection techniques

A

careful selection of lesion: (early lesion and undamaged)
carful removal: do not crush or surgically prepare site
sample centre of lesion not edge

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4
Q

Wheal

A

discrete focus of dermal oedema, if large called angioedema

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5
Q

5 patterns of inflammation in skin disease

A

Perivascular, Nodular, interface, Diffuse/interface, Panniculitis

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6
Q

Scale

A

Hyperkeratosis: increase in stratum corneum

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7
Q

Comedo

A

Dilated hair follicle plugged with keratinous and sebaceous debris

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8
Q

Papule

A

solid palpable skin elevation <1cm

Plaque: extension of papules

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9
Q

2 types of pustule

A

Intraepidermal Pustular Dermitis
Neutrophilic: pyoderma or sterile disease (Pemphigus)
Eosinophilic: ectoparasite or hypersensitivity

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10
Q

difference between ulcer and erosion

A

Ulcer is complete loss of epidermis, erosion is only partial loss

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11
Q

Folliculitis and Furunculosis

A

Folliculitis: inflammation of hair follicle
Furunculosis: inflammation and destruction of hair follicle

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12
Q

Crust

A

Accumulation of dried exudate on skin

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13
Q

Common causes of pruritic skin disease

A

Parasite: Cheyletiella, Sarcoptes, Trombicula
Microbial Overgrowth/Infection: Staph, Malassezia
Hypersensitivity: FBD, Atopic dermatitis, Food hypersensitisation

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14
Q

main mites effecting the Dog, Cat and Horse

A

Demodex(D,C,H), Sarcpoties(D), Chelyletiella(D,C), Trombicula(D,C,H)

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15
Q

July- September, sever pruritic

A

Trombicula, treatment:Fipronil

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16
Q

cause of walking dandruff on the dorsal trunk

A

Cheyletiella

Treatment : Dog (Amitraz) Cat (Fipronil)

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17
Q

Treatment of FBH

A

Flea Bite Hypersensitivity: Flea control, Antipruritic/anti-inflammatory (glucocorticoids)

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18
Q

Urticaria

A

Multiple wheals , HIVES

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19
Q

Atopic Dermatitis

A

Break in the skin barrier or exposure to allergen causing a secondary infection with Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius or Malassiezia Pachydermatis, causing erythema.

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20
Q

DDX for steroid resistant pruritic crusting lesions

A

Scabies, Pemphigus, Dermatophytosis, Cutaneous Lymphoma

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21
Q

Treatment for Sarcoptic mange

A

Amitraz, total body clip, prednisolone,

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22
Q

erosions, ulcers and hyperkeratosis on the paws, secondary pododermatitis also on muzzle and inguinal region

A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis, Pemphigus foliaceous,

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23
Q

Red white and blue appearance on histology

A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis: Poor prognosis

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24
Q

what is superficial necrolytic dermatitis often seen with

A

Hepatic disease(cirrhosis, vacuolar degeneration) or Pancreatic glucagonoma

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25
Q

3 types of pyoderma

A

Surface: Hot spots, intertrigo, Bacterial overgrowth
Superficial: Impetigo, follicultits
Deep: Furunculosis, Acne, PAIN

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26
Q

What is a Hot Spot and treatment

A

Pyotraumatic dermatitis, bacterial overgrowth with often underlying problem (otitis, anal sac, FBH)
treatment: topical antibacterial, systemic or topical anti-inflammatory, treat underlying cause

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27
Q

what is always indicated in deep pyoderma

A

Bacterial culture and sensitivity

Glucocorticoids are contraindicated!

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28
Q

what causes over 90% of canine superficial pyoderma

A

staphylococci pseudintermedius

also 60-80% deep pyoderma

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29
Q

how long should treatment for pyoderma last

A

Deep 4-6 weeks or 2 weeks beyond CS

Superficial: 3 weeks or 1 week beyond CS

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30
Q

Dermatophilosis

A

Mud Fever/Lumpy wool: bacterial infection spread by fleas and ticks

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31
Q

causes of alopecia

A

Inflammatory( parasite, bacterial, fungal or sterile)
Non-inflammatory (coat colour- linked, Endocrine)
Traumatic

32
Q

Panniculitis

A

inflammation of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue

33
Q

causes of nodules

A 
granulomatous inflammation( sterile or infectious) 
Neoplasia, depositional diseases, trauma (haematoma)
34
Q

main causes for hyperpigmentation

A

Chronic allergic skin disease or endocrine disease

35
Q

most common autoimmune disaese

A

Pemphigus foliaceus

36
Q

Phemphigus Foliaceus main CS and Cause

A

Pustules and crust on face/neck/feet and whole body
intrepidermal pustular disease caused by an autoimmune attack on the desmosomes causing loss of intracellular connections

37
Q

main vesicular diseases of farm animals

A

Foot and Mouth !!! swine vesicular disease

38
Q

small ulcers on cats face/limbs causing widespread lesions 7-10 days later, vesicles/crusting/ulcers
Hunting cat in Autumn

A

Feline poxvirus infection (cowpox)

should resolve in 4-6 weeks in a healthy cat

39
Q

treatment of autoimmune skin disease

A

topical steroids, Vitamin E, tetracycline, low dose steroid

40
Q

2 main ectoparasites of horses and where they effect

A

Chorioptes: Limbs and Tail
Psoroptes: Head and Ears

41
Q

worm causing tail rubbing in a horse

A

Pinworm

42
Q

cause of papules and crusting on the dorsal or ventral mid line of a horse

A

Insect bite hypersensitivity (sweet itch)

most likely Culicoides

43
Q

How is sweet itch treated

A

Management: Avoid (stable 4pm-8am, rug/hoods, windy)

Repel (synthetic pyrethroids), Anti-inflammatoys

44
Q

cause of aural plaques on a horse

A

Papillomavirus

Therapy: observation

45
Q

Dermatophilosis

A

Bacterial skin infection (mud fever, greasy heal)

causes paint brush effect, alopecia on dorsum and limbs

46
Q

cause of hirsutism, laminitis, PU/PD and hyperhydrosis

A

PPID (Pituitary Pars Intermedia dysfunction)

Therapy; PERGOLIDE

47
Q

causes of photosentisation in horses

A

St John’s Wort or liver disease

48
Q

multiple nodular lesions around the saddle area or neck in spring/summer

A

collagenolytic granuloma, leave alone or surgical excision and give systemic glucocorticoids

49
Q

Most common equine skin neoplasm

A

Sarcoids: entire biopsy followed by topical chemotherapy , imiquimod cream

50
Q

Are Guinea Pig louse zoonotic

A

No

51
Q

cause of scaling and crusting on a rabbit

A

Cheyletiellosis: Ivermectin

52
Q

main lice affecting cattle

A

Biting: Bovicola Bovis
Sucking: haematopinus eurysterus

53
Q

Treatment for lice

A

Best to treat in Autumn: ML pour-on or injection

54
Q

cause of head and tail mange in cattle

A

sarcopties ( ML pour on)

55
Q

cause of sheep scab

A

Psorotes Ovis: pustules and matted fleece

treatment with plunge dip or ML pour-on

56
Q

only mite and louse of Pigs

A

Mite: Sarcopties
Louse: Haematopinus Suis

57
Q

cause of lumpy wool

A

Dermatophilosis: bacterial infection
Treatment: dry conditions, systemic AB, topical chlorhexidine scrubs

58
Q

causes of otitis

A

FB, Parasites, Atopic dermatitis, cutaneous food hypersensitivity, S . Intermsdius or Malassezia

59
Q

main causes of recurrent chronic pruritic otitis externa

A

Allergic skin disease or bacterial/yeast overgrowth

60
Q

Cushings Disaese

A

Hyperadrenocorticism: Pituitary dependent (80%) or adrenal dependent (20%)

61
Q

CS for Cushings disease

A

PU/PD, excellent appetite, exercise intolerance, abdominal distension, coat changes, symmetrical alopecia and hyper-pigmentation, anoestrus

62
Q

Sensitivity

A

likelihood an infected animal will be positive

few false negatives

63
Q

Specificity

A

likelihood that a uninfected animal will be negative

few false positives

64
Q

how is Cushing’s tested for

A

ACTH stimulation test or a low dose dexamethasone suppression test

65
Q

How to differentiate between pituitary and adrenal dependent hyperadrenocortisisum

A

Pituitary dependent has a 4 hour suppression on dex test but rises back up at 8 hours.
Adrenal never suppresses

66
Q

concerns over both test for cushings

A

ACTH : false negatives

Lox dose dex: false positives (stress)

67
Q

treatment for hyperadrenocortisism

A

Trilostane (inhibits cortisol synthesis) or Mitotane (lysis of adrenal gland) or surgically

68
Q

cause of increased supraorbital fat in a 13 year old pony

A

PPID

69
Q

cause of generalized obesity especially around crest and tail base. test for it

A

Equine metabolic syndrome

Oral glucose test: fast overnight give 1g/kg glucose and take blood 2 hours later >85 IU/ml= insulin dysfunction

70
Q

treatment for equine metabolic syndrome

A

Weight loss: 1.5% body weight of poor hay

increased exercise, pergolide and trilostane

71
Q

cause of sudden onset neuro signs in a dairy cow: walking in circles, wandering, head pressing , licking and apparent blindness

A

Ketosis
Primary:VFI too low for energy requirement (post calving)
Secondary: any condition causing loss of appetite (LDA/RDA, lameness, mastitis or metritis)

72
Q

treatment for ketosis

A

IV dextrose 100g fast or 200g slow

73
Q

cause of fatty liver syndrome

A

loss of BCS from >4 to 2: NEFA getting stored in liver

treatment: Fluids and dextrose drench

74
Q

causes for a downer cow

A

Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypophosphataemia, acute toxic metritis/mastitis/ peritonitis, Fat cow syndrome

75
Q

time period for a downer cow

A

if longer than 24 hours = poor prognosis
sciatic nerve damage, muscle necrosis
48 hour euthanasia

76
Q

happy dower cow or creeper cow

A

Hypophosphataemia

4th year (8 decks)

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