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4th year > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Mydriasis

A

dilated pupil

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2
Q

Cause of an eye to turn yellow

A

combination of protein and probably white blood cells in the aqueous humour.

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3
Q

Tear reading test?

A

Schrimer Tear Test: 15mm/min & above are normal

10mm/min & less are low readings

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4
Q

uses of Slit examination

A 
Anterior structures of the eye
− Detail - Eyelids, conjunctiva and third eyelid (non-transilluminable)
− Cornea, iris and anterior lens (transilluminable)
• Contour
• Lesion depth (ulcer, cataract)
• Reflexes
− Dazzle reflexes
− Pupillary light reflexes
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5
Q

causes of Keratic precipitates?

A

uveitis

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6
Q

can you have a PLR with cataracts

A

yes, not a vision test, so light can still causes a PLR

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7
Q

Nuclear sclerosis Vs. cataracts

A

Nuclear sclerosis is transparent, Cataracts appear black on DDO

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8
Q

Jones Test

A

nasolacrimal duct patency

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9
Q

Distichiasis

A

hairs exiting from the duct of the meibomian gland at the eyelid margin: causes corneal ulcers, tearing and inflammation

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10
Q

hair sporuting from the conjunctiva of the bulbar surface, central upper eyelid of a young dog

A

Ectopic cilium

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11
Q

Hairs from a “normal location” contact the ocular surface

A

Trichiasis

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12
Q

Conjunctiva congestion

A

Have dichotomous branching

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13
Q

episclera congestion

A

Episcleral BVs have no dichotomous branching
– Larger
– Meander

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14
Q

What does episclera congestion signal

A 
Intraocular disease (uveitis and glaucoma)
» Severe/chronic surface irritation
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15
Q

Damage to the corneal endothelium can cause

A

Glaucoma, uveitis, lens luxation and primary endothelial deneration

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16
Q

loss of epithelium causes

A

corneal ulcer

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17
Q

where is aqueous humor produced and exit

A

ciliary body and exits at the ICA/sclera/ uvea

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18
Q

2 diseases effecting AC (how to differinciate)

A

uveitis (decreased IOP) and glaucoma (increased IOP)

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19
Q

What is the UVEA made up of

A

anterior uvea: iris and ciliary body

Posterior uvea: choroid

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20
Q

signs of uveitis

A

keratic precipitates, miosis, hypopion, hyphema, and posterior synechiae

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21
Q

abnormal pupil shape

A

posterior synechiae ( iris attached to lense): uveitis

22
Q

Differentials for working up a red eye case?

A

DAMNIT (degeneration,developmental, autoimmue, acquired, metabolic, neoplastic, nutritional, neurological, infectious, inflammortory, immune mediated, Trauma, toxic

23
Q

epiphora

A

overproduction of tears: trigeminal nerve irritation/inflammation or draining

24
Q

components of tears and sites of production

A

aqueous (lacrimal + accessory glands), lipid(meibomian glands) and mucus (goblet cells)

25
Q

entropion

A

inward pointing of eyelashes

26
Q

link with entropion and corneal irritation

A

corneal irritation causes Blepharospasm causing spastic entropion therefor more corneal irritation.

27
Q

causes of blindness

A

symblepharon, uveitis, glaucoma, cataracts, keratitis, PPM, PRA

28
Q

Symblepharon

A

adhesion of nictitans membrane or cornea to conjunctiva of eyelid (causes blindness)

29
Q

brachycephalic dog with euryblepharon, entropion and pigmentation of the sclera and cornea

A

pigmentary keratitis (causes blindness)

30
Q

lines across the pupil

A

persistent pupillary membranes (causes blindness)

31
Q

Flare

A

presence of inflammatory particles in the AC giving it a cloudy appearance (tyndall effect) : Uveitis

32
Q

synechia

A

attachment of iris to lens (posterior) or cornea (anterior)

33
Q

when is topical anti-inflammatory treatment for uveitis counter indicated

A

with a corneal ulcer

34
Q

systemic hypertension can cause

A

Bullous retinal detachment hyphema, retinal haemorrhage.

35
Q

cataracts

A

Complete or focal opacity of the lens, can be secondary to or cause uveitis: white on DDO and dark with retinalillumination

36
Q

causes of cataracts

A

inherited, traumatic, metabolic (diabetes), congenital, nutritional, PRA and senile

37
Q

nuclear and cortex cataracts

A

Nuclear: center commonly inherited
Cortex: around edge, senile cause

38
Q

middle aged labrador with night blindness leading to day blindness, painless, cataracts

A

Progressive retinal atrophy: Loss of blood vessels on retina

39
Q

difference between cataracts and nuclear sclerosis

A

Cataracts: dark on retinoillumination, y shaped

Nuclear sclerosis: Bilateral white pearl(marble in eye)

40
Q

how do you retinalilluminate the lens

A

bend yours knees and shine light up to top of eye and use the tapitum reflection to illuminate the lens.
cataracts shows up as dark nuclear sclerosis does not

41
Q

cause of exophthalmos and 3rd eyelid protrusion

A

space occupying lesion

42
Q

buphthalamia

A

enlarged eye due to increase IOP

43
Q

burmese cat with dilated pupil, conjunctival and episcleral congestion, vision problems

A

glaucoma

44
Q

If schirmir test less than 15 milliliters of tears produced in a minute

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

dry eye

45
Q

Clinical signs of dry eye?

A

corenal ulceration, conjunctival congestion, red eye and yellow or green discharge

46
Q

typical breeds disposed to keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

cocker spaniel, cavailer, bulldogs ect

47
Q

treatment options for KCS

A

surgery: conjunctival pedicle
Medical:topical ciclosporin (immunosuppressant), tear replacement and topical antibiotics (chlormanphenicol)

48
Q

black dot in the centre of cornea of a cat

A

feline corneal sequestrum

treatment: surgery

49
Q

cause of symblepharon in kitten and corneal ulcers

A

FHV-1

50
Q

Marcus Gunn sign?

A

reduced constriction of one eye on the swinging light test: lesion in the optic nerve before optic chiasm (on opposite side!) or severe retinal disease.

51
Q

result of lesion effecting the left optic tract

A

loss of sight in the right eye

52
Q

differentiation between PPM and posterior synechiae

A

PPM always effects from edge of pupil to the centre but posterior synechiae only ever effects the edge never the centre

4th year (8 decks)

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