Locomotor Flashcards
1
Q
main structures involved in locomotion in a horses distal limb
A
DDFT(deep digital flexor tendon), SL(suspensory ligament), SDFT(superficial digital flexor tendon), DAL(distal accessory ligament)
2
Q
what is a duty factor
A
the ratio of stance and stride time
3
Q
what gait is preferred for a lameness exam
A
trot
4
Q
how is fetlock drop helpful to diagnose which limb is lamb
A
usually drops more on opposite sound limb
5
Q
how is lameness graded
A
0: sound, 1-2:seen at trot,3-4: just seen at walk easy at trot , 5-6:seen easily at trot, 7-8: hobbling at walk, unwilling to trot, 9-10:not weight bearing
6
Q
how does the head help with forelimb lameness
A
head nods down when sound limb hits ground, up for lame limb
7
Q
how do you recognise hind limb lameness
A
Pelvic hike (affected side sinks when lame limb hits ground), elevation of tuber calcis on sound side, drifting(horse moves away from effected limb, effect side lands under body)
8
Q
4 main foot problems effecting dairy cows
A
Sole ulcers, white line disease, digital dermatitis and Foul
9
Q
mobility scores
A
0:Sound, 1:Steps uneven, 2:uneven weight instantly obvious, 3:unable to walk a brisk human pace
10
Q
most likely claws effected
A
lateral claw hind limb then medial claw forelimb
11
Q
5 point plan for foot trimming
A
1:trim toe and sole to 52 degrees(start with inner claw) 2:balance claws 3:transfer weight from sole onto heal, wall and toe, 4:remove weight from painful claw, 5:remove any loose/under-run claw
12
Q
treatment for sole ulcer
A
Dutch 5 plan, antibacterial treatment, NSAIDs
13
Q
treatment for foot problems in the herd
A
Environment, Biotin, Increase dry matt (solid dung), assess BCS,
14
Q
treatment of white line disease
A
drain pus, remove under-run claw, apply block, antibacterial, NSAIDs if swelling, biotin and increased dry matter
15
Q
causes of white line disease
A
Poor horn quality, wet conditions, turning, P3 decent, loss of BCS,
16
Q
how is digital dermatitis scored
A
M1: 2cm M3:regressive M4.1: reactive M4:hyperkeratotic
17
Q
treatment for digital dermatitis
A
M1: clean dry and oxytetracycline spray, M2: same but debride with paper towel and bandage, M3+M4: clean and debride/debulk and bandage
18
Q
herd treatment for digital dermatitis
A
footbath(copper sulphate and formalin) and slurry management
19
Q
what is fowl of the foot?
A
swelling of claws and interdigital necrosis due to bacterial infection often linked to FB(sand)
20
Q
treatment for fowl of the foot
A
clean and debride in-between the claws, disinfect and use licenced injection
21
Q
main foot lesions of sheep
A
scald, footrot, CODD, shelly hoof, toe granuloma, abcess
22
Q
treatment for scald and footrot
A
same scald progresses to footrot: topical antibiotic, foot bathing, vaccinate, separate if possible and DO NOT TRIM FEET
23
Q
cause of scald
A
dichelobacter nodosus: present on 90% of farms
24
Q
cause of porcine lameness
A
Piglets: arteritis
Growers: Fracture, Osteochondrosis dessicans, myocoplasma hyosynoviae
Sows: Osteochondrosis, DJD, Infectious arthritis (erysipelas, mycoplasma), septic laminitis
25
what is laminitis
the failure of the attachment of the epidermal (insensitive) laminae to the dermal (sensitive) laminae
26
what structure causes rotation and sinking of P3
deep digital flexor tendon
27
what predisposes horses to laminitis
Pony, spring/summer, Female, old, Obesity, increased access to grass, sudden weight increase, any sepsis.
28
clinical signs of laminitis
lameness in two or more limbs, leaning back on heals, bounding digital pulse, increased hoof temp, pain at point of frog with hoof testers and depression at coronary band.
29
endocrine causes of laminitis
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (ACTH/Dex test)
| Equine metabolic syndrome (fasting insulin+glucose test)
30
treatment of laminitis
Medical: NSAIDs, Opiates, ACP(vasodilator) Or Ice (vasoconstriction), support frog and sole (bedding and shoes), Box rest and 1-2% Body weight of poor quality hay diet) NO GRASS
31
Treatment for PPID and EMI
PPID: Pergolide
EMI: weight loss and exercise
32
number one priority for preventing laminitis
```
avoiding PNC (Pastural Non-structural Carbohydrates) , high fibre(hay) diet not sugar and starch(Sugarbeat)
Zero grazing or muzzle and lots of exercise
```
33
how is plasma calcium increased
Parathyroid hormone: reduces excretion and increases absorption of calcium
34
what other organ can cause hyperparathyroidism
renal failure: reduced vit D activity causing reduced phosphate excretion which binds to calcium and lowes serum calcium, causing increased PTH production
35
common problem with reptile calcium
Metabolic bone disease: low diet calcium causing low activation or availability of Vitamin D
36
cause of lethargy, reduced appetite and joint swelling in reptile
metabolic bone disease
37
cause of calcium nodules forming at tarsus of a dog, seen on Xray
calcinosis circumscipta
38
common disease types in bone
developmental, endocrine/metabolic, Infectious and neoplastic
39
osteomyelitis
infection of cortical bone and medullary cavity
40
treatment of osteomyelitis
broad spectrum antibiotics then update on culture, surgical debridement, lavage and immobilization.
41
what two disease look very similar under x-ray with bone lysis and formation.
osteomyelitis and osteosarcoma
42
10 year old greyhound: unilateral forelimb lameness for 3 weeks, non-responsive to analgesia and restricted exercise, pain on deep palpation of radius, swelling at distal radius. PLAN
X-ray, check lymph nodes, swab tracts, biopsy,
43
what is the treatment for osteosarcoma
Curative: Amputation and chemo,
Palliative: (radiotherapy, NSAIDs and bisphosphates)
Euthanasia
44
measurements on radiograph used to measure level of laminitis
```
angle of wall and phalange (>15 degrees=poor), dorsal hoof wall thickness (>3cm horses, >2cm =chronic lamness)
dorsal shadow (separation of lamina)
horizontal lucent lines at coronary band (sinking)
```
45
what is the only radiographic sign of navicular disease
flexor tendon erosion: reduced opacity at centre of navicular bone
46
where is the weak point on the sole of a hoof
white line
47
where is the most common site of lameness in a horse
hoof capsule
48
cause of hoof cracks
thin hoof wall, poor quality horn, and abnormal hoof angle
49
treatment of hoof cracks
plates, wire and screws
50
canker
bacterial infection of the frog and heel can enter hoof capsule
51
Gravel
chronic foot abscess bursting out of coronary band
52
what causes 1/3 of chronic forelimb lameness
Navicular syndrome
53
coffin joint and coffin bone
between P2 and P3 (distal interphalangeal joint) ,
| P3 is the Coffin bone
54
what are the 3 approaches to the distal interphalangeal joint
Dorsal midline, Lateral/medial to extensor tendon and Palmar/plantar approach
55
6 types of distal phalanx fracture
```
Type 1: wing+not articular surface
Type2: wing+articular surface
Type3: Sagittal
Type4: extensor process
Type5: convoluted
Type6: solar margin
```
56
treatment for distal phalanx fracture
Bar shoe and foot cast, with box rest for 4-6 months
57
2 types of tendon injury
Percutaneous: Laceration/penetration
Subcutaneous: strain/displacement
58
how is tendon injury diagnosed
reduced Metacarpal joint extension, elevation of the toe, swelling/pain of metacarpal. ULTRASOUND
59
cause of a straight hock (overextended metacarpal joint)
proximal suspensory desmtitis : diagnosed on ultrasound and diagnostic analgesia
60
cause of a distended digital sheath and a notch at the level of the PAL
annular ligament syndrome (ALS)
61
3 phases of tendonitis and the lengths of time they last for
acute(inflammatory) phase: 0-2 weeks
subacute (fibroplasia) phase: 1-6months
chronic (remodelling) phase: 3-18 months
62
treatment of tendonitis
0-2weeks: ice, compression and rest+ steroids and NSAIDs surgery (percutaneous tendon splitting)
1-6months: mobilisation with Ultrasound monitoring with cell therapy(platelet rich plasma)
3-18months: slowly increasing exercise, shockwave therapy, tendon surgery
63
2 types of distal interphalangeal joint flexural deformity
Type1: dorsal hoof wall less than vertical (exercise and toe extension)
Type2: dorsal hoof wall past vertical (surgery required)
64
name for growth plates
physis
65
osteochondrosis
conditions effecting developing cartilage and there supportive bone. caused by vascular problem in epiphysis or failure of development of cartilage to bone.
66
osteochondrosis dessicans
detachment of chondral or osteochondral fragment form articular surface
67
what do fast growing animals usually suffer from in there joints
osteochondrosis dessicans (horses, great dane pigs and poultry)
68
difference in osteoarthritis in humans and animals
humans: disease of ageing
Animals: caused by underlying condition made worse by age
69
main cause of hip and elbow dysplasia
Genetic heritability
70
changes in order as they take place in hip dysplasia
ligaments hypertrophy (slack), subluxation, cartilage destroyed, change in joint shape, secondary osteoarthritis (bony and fibrosis)
71
common clinical signs of hip dysplasia
sitting down on walks, reluctant to climb stairs, lameness
72
types of cartilage and where they are present
Hyaline: articular surfaces, nasal septum, trachea, ribs and growth plates
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks ear meniscus
Elastic: epiglottis and ear
73
main components of cartilage
Water, Collagen 1 and 2 , Chondrocytes and Proteoglycans
74
main risk factor of osteoarthritis
age, genetics, environmental and mechanical trauma
75
classifications of canine arthritis
inflammatory (infectious or non-infectious) or Non-inflammatory (traumatic, DJD, hemarthrosis)
76
common presentations of arthritis in different breeds
GSD: hip
Labrador: elbow dysplasia
Greyhound: erosive
77
how is the diagnosis of arthritis made
radiographs and arthrocentesis (analysis of joint fluid, cytology, culture)
78
most common bacteria found in infectious arthritis
staphylococcus, strephylococcus and pasteurella
79
why is travel history important for arthritis cases
```
infectious diseases: Borrelial arthritis (lyme disease)
Rickettsial arthritis (ehrlichiosis)
Protozoal arthritis (leishmania)
```
80
how can you tell the difference between erosive and non-erosive arthritis
radiography
81
what is DJD
degeneration of articular cartilage causing bony changes (osteoarthritis)
82
causes of DJD
trauma, infectious inflammatory, non-infectious inflammatory, developmental disease,
83
common clinical signs of DJD
weight, muscle atrophy, heat, swelling, lameness, pain, reduced range of motion
84
synovial fluid analysis that confirms DJD
yellow colour, white cells >1000, neutrophils >5%, Mononuclear cells <90%
85
how do you differentiate between immune mediated and bacterial arthritis
immune mediated 2.5-3 g/dl of protein, bacterial >4
| immune mediated 10-90% neutrophils, bacterial >90%
86
best way of diagnosing DJD in large animal
intraarticular analgesia
87
Treatment for DJD in small animals
weight loss, hydrotherapy, NSAIDs (Meloxicam), intraarticular corticosteroids, arthrodesis or total joint replacement.
88
treatment for DJD in horses
NSAIDs, intraarticular corticosteroids, glycoaminoglycans(stimulate cartilage growth), sodium hyaluronate, green lipped muscle extract, MSM, arthrodesis
89
how long does it take for tendon injury's to heal?
50% of strength at 6 weeks
| 80% at 1 year
90
treatment for a tendon injury
Rest, support (trans articular fixator), protection (bandage, cast), surgery (tendon suture) all under ultrasound monitoring
91
how is a sprain diagnosed
radiographs of stress views under anaesthesia
92
treatment of a sprain
rest, cooling and NSAIDs, external coaptation, ligament repair,
93
where does the cranial cruciate ligament run
proximal lateral to distal medial STIFLE
94
typical presentation of cranial cruciate ligament disease
Middle aged dogs (2-10), overweight, neutered, medium to large breeds (Labrador, spaniel, Rott, NOT GREYHOUNDS), Pelvic limb lameness, muscle atrophy, stifle effusion, stifle instability,
95
tests done for cranial cruciate ligament disease
cranial drawn (stabilise femur and move tibia cranial), tibial thrust (place finger on tibal crest and feel for movement when you flex the hock) and radiograph.
96
treatment for cruciate disease
conservative: only if <15kg with minimal lameness, rest + hydrotherapy
Surgery: lateral tibio-fabella suture, TPLO, TTA, CWTO (closed wedge tibial oestectomy similar to TPLO but more distal, TTO)
97
what is the Post Op management for cruciate surgery
6-8 weeks rest (lead only), cold pack 2 days, RADs 6 weeks and hydrotherapy after 6-8 weeks
98
what are the main types of fracture
transverse, oblique, spiral, communicated, segmented, buckle/greenstick, avulsion and compression
99
basic guidelines for coaptation
1: Reduce (50% rule, 50% contact)
2: Alignment (radiographs)
3: Normal standing position
4: Immobilization of joint above and below
100
disadvantages of coaptation
only appropriate for stable/uncomplicated fractures, may result in limb malalignment, cast slip/cast related sores
101
cause and treatment of carpal hyperextension
rupture of palmar fibrocartilage
| treatment: pancarpal arthrodesis by internal fixation
102
main type of bandage and what it is made up of
Robert Jones Bandage:
Primary layer: Melolin (cover + protect)
Second layer: Cotton wool (absorption + pressure)
Third layer: Casting tape (padding)
Fourth Layer: Vet wrap (holding all in + protection)
103
Arthralgia
joint pain
104
what could be the causes of increased neutrophils on a arthrocentesis
degenerative = septic
| non degenerative = immune mediated
105
normal analysis of synovial fluid and in the different types of inflammatory arthritis
Normal: neutrophils 0-6%, clear/pale yellow, mononuclear >95%,
DJD: Neu 0-10%, yellow, Mono 88-100%
Erosive: Neu 20-80%, Mono 20-80%
non erosive: Neu 15-95%, Mono 5-85%
Septic: Neu90-99%, yellow/blood tinged Mono 1-10%
106
causes and treatment of septic arthritis
Haematogenous (umbilicus), puncture wound, iatrogenic (surgery)
6 weeks Abx (amoxicillin), based on culture
107
causes of non-erosive arthritis
Lupus, Lyme disease, drug-associated, IBD, vaccine induced
108
common erosive arthritis and its clinical signs
rheumatoid arthritis: stiffness swelling, radiograph erosion, RF +ve serology , synovial history
109
treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
immunosuppressive does of prednisolone (2-4mg/kg), cytotoxic drugs,
110
Arthroplasty + indications
removal and replacement of joint: persistent luxation, arthritis/joint pain, unreconstructable articulated fracture
111
indication for a femoral head and neck incision
hip dysplasia, DJD, osteoarthritis, femoral head fractures, persistent luxation,
112
work up of swollen joint
arthrocentesis of effected joints: to differentiate between septic and non-septic, macrophage dominant = non-inflammatory, neutrophil dominant = inflammatory (degenerative or not). If non-septic use radiographs to determine if erosive or non-erosive.
113
treatment for septic and immune mediated polyarthritis
septic: antibiotics and joint lavage, intra-articular antibiotics, arthroscopy
IMPA: steroids and analgesia
114
common causes for acute joint swelling in a group of 10 sows
mycoplasma hyosynoviae, DJD, Erysipelas, glassers disease, trauma.
115
causes of new bone formation on cats tarsus and carpus
idiopathic inflammatory arthritis (FeLV, FIV)
septic arthritis (bacterial- usually only one limb)
Osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma
116
what should not be used in cats but ok for dogs in the treatment of periosteal proliferative arthritis
azathioprine: causes non responsive bone marrow suppression and fatal leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
