Skin Disorders Flashcards
Skin’s 4 main functions
protection, sensation, thermoregulation, metabolic function
Skin and subcutaneous tissue provides a major source for vitamin ___
Vitamin D
Primary Lesion - Macule
Flat lesions observed due to change in color.
Primary Lesion - Patch
Flat lesions > 1 centimeter
Primary Lesion - Papule
Lesions raised above the skin; increase in consistency.;
Primary Lesion - Plaque
Raised lesion > 1 cm
Primary Lesion - Nodule
Raised dome shaped lesion > 1.0 cm
Primary Lesion - Tumor
Large lesion, greater than nodule
Primary Lesion - Wheal
Increased fluid in tissue (edema/swollen); blanchable
Primary Lesion - Vesicle
Sharply marginated elevated lesion with fluid-filled lesion,
Primary Lesion - Bullae
Sharply marginated elevated lesion with fluid-filled lesion, > 1 cm
Primary Lesion - Pustule
Focal epidermal accumulation of inflammatory cells, serum, sometimes microorganisms; discolored (i.e., yellow/green) entrapped fluid pocket within epidermis
Freckles, drug rash, birthmark, vitiligo, malignant melanomas, these are examples of
Macules
Neurofibroma, breast carcinoma, keratoacanthoma are examples of
Tumors
Hives, dermatographism are examples of
Wheals
Bullous pemphigoid; Pemphigus are examples of
Bullae
Pustular psoriasis, impetigo are examples of
Pustules
Secondary Lesion - Crust
Oozing from vesicles or drying up of vesicles
Secondary Lesion - Scale
Excess of surface keratin material
Secondary Lesion - Fissure
Linear Break in epidermis
Secondary Lesion - Erosion
Shallow scooped out break in epidermis
Secondary Lesion - Ulcer
Complete removal of epidermis with discrete margins, and may extend into dermis and /or fat
Secondary Lesion - Scar
Repair of skin with fibrous tissue
Secondary Lesion - Atrophy
Loss of tissue with little or no replacement
Examples of Scars
Acne ice-pick scar, Hypertrophy, Keloid
Examples of Scales
Psoriasis, ichthyoses, desquamation
Examples of Atrophy
Striae
Special Lesions - Alopecia
Loss of hair
Special Lesions - Comedo
Involves a hair follicle and the duct or opening of the sebaceous gland
Special Lesions - Sebaceous cyst
Large encapsulated cavity filled with sebaceous material
Special Lesions - Folliculitis
Superficial pustules or inflammation in hair follicles only
Special Lesions - Furuncle
Deeper larger infection of hair follicle
Special Lesions - Abscess
Cavity filled with pus
Special Lesions - Telangiectasia
Dilatation of small blood vessels that are permanently enlarged
Special Lesions - Ecchymoses
Large area of bleeding into skin
Special Lesions - Lichenification
Thickening of the skin
Epidermis consists of a 4-layered keratinized squamous epithelium, the layers are:
• Stratum corneum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum spinulosa • Basal cell layer
Dermis
fibroelastic vascularized tissue
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
contains various amounts of adipose tissue dependent on location, gender, etc.
Epidermal appendages are developed from
developed embryologically from the downward growth of epidermal epithelium
Epidermal appendages include
• Hair follicles • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Nails
Atypical lymphocytic epidermotropism on biopsy indicates
Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma (CTCL)
Red, scaly lesions that worsen in dry, cold climate
seborrheic dermatitis
Child w/ food allergies and asthma + rash would likely indicate
atopic dermatitis
Oil spots and nail pitting are associated with
Psoriasis
+ Auspitz =
Psoriasis
Histology shows munro micro abscesses
Psoriasis
Histology shows Pautrier’s microabscess
Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma (CTCL)
pruritic psoriaform rash on buttocks, non-responsive to steroids
Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma (CTCL)
Pruritic lesions + gluten sensitivity
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
IF shows IgA deposition w/in dermal papillae
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Child nose/mouth vesicular lesions + previous Strep or Staph infection
Bullous impetigo
“Honey-crusted” lesions
Bullous impetigo
Oral ulcers and flaccid blisters that easily rupture
Pemphigus (Vulgaris Variant)
IgG and C3 around each keratinocyte (fish net appearance)
Pemphigus (Vulgaris Variant)
“Nikolsky Sign”
Pemphigus (Vulgaris Variant)
Histology: bullae just above the basal cell layer (suprabasal).
Pemphigus (Vulgaris Variant)
Tense bullae on flexor aspects, primarily of legs
Bullous Pemphigoid
Subepidermal bullae (clefting b/w D-E) associated with eosinophils
Bullous Pemphigoid
IF shows Linear deposits of IgG along basement membrane
Bullous Pemphigoid
IF shows a granular band of Ig and complement along the D-E junction
Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (CDLE)
pruritic polygonal, purple papules on wrist
Lichen Planus
Band like lymphocyte infiltrate at D-E junction with basal cell degeneration
Lichen Planus
(scattered “Colloid or Civatte bodies”): wedge shaped thickening of granular cell layer
Lichen Planus
“saw toothing”
Lichen Planus
fibrotic thickening of fat septa, giant cells
Erythema nodosum
Painful tender nodules on lower legs
Erythema nodosum
Pearly papule on nose
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Most common skin malignancy
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate at periphery
Medullary Carcinoma
High grade features with low-grade behavior
Medullary Carcinoma
Blue Dome Cysts
Pure Fibrocystic Change w/ no increased risk for breast cancer
Mucin lakes with malignant cell islands
Colloid Carcinoma
nests of uniform tumor cells suspended in mucin lakes
Colloid Carcinoma
Seborrheic Keratosis Clinical Presentation
middle age, elderly - face & trunk “stuck-on” raised pigmented papule
Seborrheic Keratosis Histological Presentation
horn cyst formation, sharply demarcated
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra
smaller Seborrheic Keratoses on face of black ppl
Lesser-tralet sign
sudden onset of many papules due to paraneoplastic syndrome (Hormone excreting tumor)
Seborrheic Keratosis is from
keratinocytes
Ancanthosis Nigricans Clinical Presentation
Thick, hyperpigmented velvety skin in flexural areas ie. axilla, groin, neck, anogenital
Ancanthosis Nigricans Histological Presentation
papillated hyperkeratosis, rete ridges
Ancanthosis Nigricans typically seen in
Obese, Endocrine Disorders (diabetics)
Fibroepithelial polyp Clinical Presentation
soft, flesh colored “skin tag”/acrochordon on neck, trunk, face, intertriginous/skin folds
Fibroepithelial polyp Histological Presentation
slender, fibrovascular stalk
Keratoacanthoma Clinical Presentation
flesh colored dome-like nodule w. central keratin-filled crater , on face, hand in sun-exposed Caucasians > 50
Keratoacanthoma Histological Presentation
cup-shaped epithel prolif w. central keratin plug, may have atypical keratinocytes
Keratoacanthoma possibly is due to
HPV
Keratoacanthoma treatment
r/o SCC, self-limited
Epithelial Inclusion Cyst/Epidermoid cyst Clinical Presentation
firm dermal or subcutaneous nodule with down-growth and cystic expansion of epidermis
Epithelial Inclusion Cyst/Epidermoid cyst Histological Presentation
well circumscribed
Milium
small Epithelial Inclusion Cyst
Tricholemmal cyst
Hair follicular epithelium-derived on scalp
Trichilemomma Clinical Presentation
flesh colored papules, on central face, perioral areas from hair follicle origin
Cowden’s Disease
Trichilemomma may be internal marker for malignancy assoc w. breast CA and thyroid CA
Cylindroma Clinical Presentation
single or multiple coalescing nodules on forehead & scalp sweat gland origin
turban tumor
multiple coalescing cylindromas on forehead & scalp
Cylindroma Histological Presentation
“jig-saw puzzle” islands of basaloid cells in dermis
Syringoma Clinical Presentation
Multiple small tan papules Near lower eyelid; women - sweat gland origin
Syringoma Histological Presentation
“Tadpole” shaped islands of basaloid
Syringoma can mimic
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
Muir Torre Syndrome (HNPCC)
Sebaceous Adenoma: Microsatellite Instability - a variant of Lynch Syndrome!!!!
Sebaceous Adenoma
May be associated with Muir Torre syndrome; microsatellite instability
Actinic Keratosis Clinical Presentation
Premalignant, dysplastic lesion Typically
Actinic Keratosis Histological Presentation
atypia in lower epidermis, basal cell hyperplasia & dyskeratosis, damaged collagen ->blue-grey elastic fibers
Actinic Keratosis is seen commonly in
elderly, light-skinned, sun-exposed
SCC Clinical Presentation
non-healing ulcerated nodule in sun-exposed ind, xeroderma pigmentosum, etc
SCC may show what orally?
white thickened plaques on mucosa (leukoplakia)
SCC Histological Presentation
In situ SCC has full thickness epidermal atypia; Invasive SCC breaks thru D-E junction into underlying dermis (more advanced)
Bowen’s Disease
demarcated red scaling plaques = In situ SCC
BCC Clinical Presentation
pearly papules, surrounded by telangectasias, due to sun exposure
BCC Histological Presentation
basal cell prolix into dermis + “peripheral palisading” (basaloid islands; NOT cylindroma or syringoma)
most common type of skin CA malignancy?
BCC
Nevoid Basal Cell Syndrome/Gorlin syndrome
rare, AD, many BCCs throughout life
BCC is associated w/ what gene
activated SHH - loss of PTCH + p53 gene function
Lentigo Clinical Presentation
hyperpigmented macules 5-10mm on skin & MM, do not darken in sun, common from infancy
Cutaneous Horns may be present in
Actinic Keratosis –> SCC
Lower Lip skin nodule/ulcer think
SCC
Upper Lip skin nodule/ulcer think
BCC
Lentigo Histological Presentation
“lentiginous growth” or hyper pigmented, linear hyperplasia of melanocytes (elongated, thin rete ridges)
Lentigo vs Freckle
Lentigo do not darken in sun, larger, darker, skin or mucous membrane
Melanocytic Nevus - 6 types
Common, may present in childhood or adulthood: Junctional, Compound, Intradermal, Blue, Halo, Dysplastic
Middle aged + pimple on nose that won’t go away; you should think =
BCC
Junctional Nevus Clinical Presentation
flat, smooth, uniformly pigmented (brown to black)
Junctional Nevus Histological Presentation
symmetric nest of melanocytes at DE junction (young)
Compound Nevus Clinical Presentation
raised, smooth border, uniform pigment
Compound Nevus Histological Presentation
nests of melanocytes in BOTH D & DE junction (aging nevus proceeds from junction into D)
Intradermal Nevus Clinical Presentation
raised, smooth border, uniform pigment (or flesh-colored)
Intradermal Nevus Histological Presentation
nests of melanocytes in dermis entirely (not at DE Jct)
Blue Nevus Clinical Presentation
small, blue-black nodules
Blue Nevus Histological Presentation
heavily pigmented dendritic melanocytes
Halo Nevus Clinical Presentation
white zone around mole
Halo Nevus Clinical Presentation
lymphocytic infiltrates surrounding compound or intradermal melanocytes
Dysplastic Nevus (BK or Clarks mole) Clinical Presentation
irregular borders/pigment, sun exposed or non-exposed
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome or Familial Melanoma Syndrome
Numerous dysplastic nevi (genetic)
Dysplastic nevus presence increases risk for
Melanoma
Dysplastic Nevus (BK or Clarks mole) Histological Presentation
Cytologic and architectural atypia → Shows features of pre-melanoma
Dysplastic Nevus gene involvement
p161NK4A, BRAF, CDK4
Which malignancy has the highest increase in incidence?
Malignant melanoma - 90% increase over 30yrs
Most common malignancy in young adults?
Malignant melanoma
Malignant melanoma risk factors:
FHx, red/blonde hair, freckling, 3+ blistering sunburns, 3+ outdoor jobs, presence of actinic keratosis, dysplastic nevi syndrome, tanning-UVA
1-2 risk factors for Malignant melanoma increases your risk by
3.5X
3+ risk factors for Malignant melanoma increases your risk by
20X
ABCDE of Malignant Melanoma
Asymmetric shape, Border irregularity, Color - nonuniform, Diameter >5mm, Elevated
Melanoma can be found on whack body parts
skin, oral, conjunctiva, orbit, nail bed, esophagus
Melanoma prognosis is dependent on
Depth of invasion and clinical stage
Types of Melanoma
Superficial spreading melanoma Nodular melanoma: (vertical growth) Lentigo maligna melanoma (Hutchinson’s freckle): early phase radial growth Acral lentiginous melanoma: adial growth
Breslow Depth measures
Depth of invasion of melanoma below the stratum granulosum
Melanoma Histological Presentation
atypical melanocytes w. nuclear hyperchromasia, mitosis, prominent nucleoli, individual necrosis, lack maturation amelanotic = melanin absent from cells
Clarks Level I - Melanoma
(In situ) Intra-epidermal - 100% survival rate of 5 years
Clarks Level II - Melanoma
Invades papillary dermis - 90% survival rate of 5 years
Clarks Level III - Melanoma
Fills papillary dermis - 70% survival rate of 5 years
Clarks Level IV - Melanoma
Invades reticular dermis - 40% survival rate of 5 years
Clarks Level V - Melanoma
invades SubC fat - 25% survival rate of 5 years
Clinical Stage of Melanoma
Lymph node involvement, distant metastases - 5 year survival
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma) Clinical Presentation
Typically on legs of adults (trauma), tan-brown, firm papule “dimple in center” w/ lateral compression
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma) Histological Presentation
non encapsulated prolif of spindle shaped fibroblasts
Dermatofibrosarcoma protoberans DFSP Clinical Presentation
On trunk - firm, indurated solid nodules; may ulcerate
Dermatofibrosarcoma protoberans DFSP Histological Presentation
slow growing fibrosarcoma, locally aggressive, rare metastasis; radially oriented (storiform pattern) fibroblasts, mitosis
Dermatofibrosarcoma protoberans DFSP gene involvement
translocation of COLIAI and PDGFb
Mastocytosis Clinical Presentation
pruritus, flushing, rinorrhea, dermal edema & erythema (wheal), dermatographism
Mastocytosis Histological Presentation
high # mast cells, purple cytoplasmic granules
Darier’s Sign indicates
Mastocytosis or Urticaria Pigmentosum
Urticaria Pigmentosum Clinical Presentation
Mastocytosis that is localized to the skin with round to oval red-brown papules and plaques
Urticaria Pigmentosum Histological Presentation
high # mast cells, eosinophils, edema (metachromatic stain: giemsa, toludine)
Mycosis Fungoides or Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma Clinical Presentation
> 40y/o, scaling patch (like psoriasis), indurated plaque, re-brown nodule, disseminated
Mycosis Fungoides or Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma Histological Presentation
Pautrier’s microabscess, bandlike atypical lymphocyte infiltration in dermia, mycosis cells w/ cerebriform-like nuclei
Patch stage of Mycosis Fungoides Histological Presentation
lymphocytic epidermatropism
Tumor stage of Mycosis Fungoides Histological Presentation
Pautrier’s microabscess (cluster of infiltrative atypical CD4+ lymphocytes in epidermis), mycosis cells with cerebriform nuclei
Sezary Syndrome
systemic mycois fungoides - white scaly hands/palms
Urticaria Clinical Presentation
Hives, wheals: Type I Hypersensitive (IgE) response to an Ag + histamine (mast cells)
Urticaria Histological Presentation
dermal edema, sparse dermal inflammation
Eczema Clinical Presentation
Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Atopic Dermatitis, Seborrheic Dermatitis
Eczema Histological Presentation
intraepidermal vesicles; dermal edema w. possible eosinophils/lymphocytes; w/ overlying parakeratosis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Type IV HSN - poison ivy, jewelry, etc
Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Presentation
Type I HSN; Infant/Child w/ +FHx of eczema, asthma, allergies w/ pruritic rash, erythema, excoriation, lichenfiation of skin (FLEXURAL areas, not nasolabial)
Seborrheic Dermatitis Clinical Presentation
NASOLABIAL FOLDS, ears, eyebrows, scalp (oil distribution); red, scaly, itchy, dry flakes; ‘comes and goes’; SEASONAL
Erythema Multiforme Clinical Presentation
bull’s eye target lesion; limited hypersensitivity to drugs (sulfamide, dilantin, barbituate, penicillin)
Erythema Multiforme Complications
EM Major/SJS: mucous membrane involvement TEN: epithelial necrosis and sloughing
Erythema Nodosum Clinical Presentation
15-30y/o lower legs/shins, red painful nodules
Erythema Multiforme etiology
HSV, mycoplasma, idiopathic
Erythema Multiforme drugs
sulfamide, dilantin, barbituate, penicillin
Erythema Nodosum Histological Presentation
fibrosis thickening of fat septa, giant cells
Erythema Nodosum etiology
beta hemolytic strep, herpes, fungal; BCP, sulfonamides; UC, sarcoidosis, Behcet’s syndrome
Erythema Induratum clinical presentation
adolescents & menopausal women, back of legs
Erythema Induratum Histological Presentation
granulomatous inflam of fat lobules & necrosis
Psoriasis Clinical Presentation
salmon-colored papules + silver scales on EXTENSOR surfaces; Usually assoc w/ RA, AIDS, etc
Koebner’s phenomenon
psoriasis lesions develop at site of trauma
Auspitz sign
psoriasis removal of scale induces miniscule blood droplets from dilated vessels in dermal papillae
Psoriasis nails
oil spot, pitting, onycholysis
Psoriasis Histological Presentation
Munro Microabscesses: neutrophils w/in the epidermis, Periodic thinning of epidermis where it overlies dermal papillae + acanthosis + parakeratotic hyperkeratotsis w/ nuclei retained in corneum
Von Zumbush Syndrome
acute onset pustular psoriasis with fever & arthritis = life threatening
Lichen Planus Clinical Presentation
polygonal purple papules, pruritic, may coalesce into plaques, highlighted by white lines (Wickham striae) found on wrist, shin, scalp alopecia, lumbar, buccal mucosa; drug-induced possibly
Lichen Planus Histological Presentation
Colloid/Civatte bodies (basal cell degeneration), saw-tooth rete + acanthosis
Lupus Erythematosus Clinical Presentation
AID of CT; worsens in sun, macular butterfly rash with acute SLE
Chronic Discoid LE Clinical Presentation
sharp margins, scaly, atrophic red plaques on sun-exposed areas (anti-DNA, RF) – basal cell degeneration (vacuolization): epidermal atrophy with keratin plugging
Chronic Discoid LE Histological Presentation
Lymphocytic infiltrates along D-E junction,
IF for Chronic Discoid LE
granular band of Ig along D-E Jct “Lupus Band”
Acne Vulgaris Clinical Presentation
Adolescents, comedones (w- and b-heads), acne
Rosacea Clinical Presentation
middle-ages women, flushing -> red/telangiesctasia -> pustules -> rhiniophyma
Bullous Impetigo Clinical Presentation
“honey crust” subcorneal blister, on face, hands, trunk due to Staph or Strep; typically in children/infants
Bullous Impetigo Histological Presentation
subcorneal pustules with neutrophils & gram pos agents
Pemphigus (Vulgaris variant) Clinical Presentation
flaccid vesicles & bullae (rupture easily; oral mucosa, scalp, trunk; AI disorder of desmosomes protein; 40-60y/o
Nikolsky Sign
pressure on flaccid bullae –> lateral extension of blister = Pemphigus (Vulgaris variant)
Pemphigus (Vulgaris variant) Histological Presentation
Tombstone row of basal cells - suprabasilar, thin bulllae covering
IF for Pemphigus (Vulgaris variant)
Fish-net, IgG around every keratinocyte
Bullous Pemphigoid Clinical Presentation
Tense bulla, do not rupture easy, skin, mucosa, lower legs; AI disorder of hemidesmosomes (lamina lucida); elderly
Bullous Pemphigoid Histological Presentation
subepidermal bulla, + eosinophils, few lymphocytes & neutrophils
IF for Bullous Pemphigoid
linear deposits IgG along BM
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Clinical Presentation
Recurrent pruritic, tiny, grouped vesicles; Associated w/ Celiac; IgA to gluten Xreacts w/ fibrils of BM
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Histological Presentation
tips of dermal papillae filled w. neutrophils (microabscesses)
IF for Dermatitis Herpetiformis
granular IgA deposits at dermal papillae tips
Verruca Clinical Presentation
benign epithelial hyperplasia due to HPV
Verruca Types
vulgaris (most common, anywhere esp hands); plana (flat); plantaris; palmaris; acuminatum (cauliflower-like venereal wart on genitalia/perianal/rectal)
Verruca Histological Presentation
papillated epidermis, koilocytotic (viral) changes = irregular nuclei surrounded by cytoplasmic halo
Molluscum Contagiosum Clinical Presentation
discrete, umbilicated, pearly-white papules of the neck, trunk, eyelids; POX virus
Molluscum Contagiosum Histological Presentation
cup-like epidermal hyperplasia, bright pink glassy cytoplasmic inclusions (molluscum bodies)
Tinea capitus
fungal - scalp w. painful boggy nodules, hair loss, detect with Wood’s lamp
Tinea barbae
fungal - beard area in men
Tinea cruris
fungal - inguinal
Tinea pedis
fungal - athlete foot (webs)
Onchomycosis
fungal - nails, discolored & thickened
Tinea Corporis
ring-worm - body surface, expanding, round, slightly red annular plaque
Scabies
sarcoptes scabei burrows in stratum corneum - interdigital skin, genital skin (homeless)
Lyme
spirochete infection (Borrelia burgdorferi) - annular lesions, erythema migrans
Lice
Pediculosis capititis and pediculosis pubis