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PATHOLOGY > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Untreated esophageal SCC complications include

A

mediastinal invasion, tracheoesophageal fistula, regional lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion

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1
Q

Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis occurs in

A

children w/ nephrotic syndrome, adults w/ alcoholic cirrhosis

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2
Q

Sialadenitis

A

inflammation of salivary glans d/t sialolithiaisis (stone)

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3
Q

Nerve plexus w/in the esophageal wall

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus

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3
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Metaplasia of the distal esophagus from squamous to non-ciliated columnar epithelium w/ Goblet cells (d/t acid injury & ulceration)

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3
Q

Temporary arrest of intestinal ileum peristalsis

A

Adynamic Ileus (Paralytic Ileus)

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3
Q

Anal neoplasm

A

SCC & condyloma acuminatum d/t HPV

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4
Q

Causes of Secondary Achalasia

A

Chagas, Polio, surgery, diabetes, infiltrative disease

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6
Q

Oral candidiasis

A

white plaques, often on the tongue, that easily scrapes off, associated w/ immunocompromise

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6
Q

esophageal atresia often arises at the level of the

A

tracheal bifurcation

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7
Q

Microscopic features of the duodenum

A

prominent villous epithelium w/ numerous goblet cells, + submucosal Brunner’s glands

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7
Q

Preschooler w/ small bowel obstruction

A

intussusception

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8
Q

5 regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

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9
Q

Hairy Leukoplakia

A

white, rough/hairy patch on lateral sides of tongue, d/t EBV and associated w/ immunocompromise (AIDS)

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10
Q
A
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10
Q

Bile & pancreatic digestive enzymes enter the small intestine via

A

the ampulla of Vater

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10
Q

foamy macrophages in sm. intestine lamina propria w/ PAS+ granules

A

Whipple Disease

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10
Q

Acalculous cholecystitis

A

gallbladder stasis, inflammation and edema, cystic duct obstruction due to sludge

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11
Q

Gallbladder Carcinoma risk

A

F, >70, gallstones, porcelain gallbladder, irritative trauma, chronic inflammation, carcinogenic derivatives of bile acids

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12
Q

Metastasize from upper esophagus is to

A

cervical lymph nodes

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13
Q

SPINK1 or PSTI

A

Trypsin inhibitors

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14
Q

Non-neoplastic pancreatic cysts

A

thick-walled, cuboidal or flattened (stretching) epithelium

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15
Q

Complications of Ulcerative Colitis

A

toxic megacolon, adenomatous polyps -> dysplasia -> risk of carcinoma

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16
Q

Veins involved in portal HTN -> esophageal varices

A

distal esophageal vv -> left gastric v -> portal v

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17
Q

Peyer’s patches are found

A

lymphoid follicles scattered throughout the ileum

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17
Q

Peptic ulcer disease risk factors

A

EtOH use, NSAID use, COPD, hyperthyroidism, chronic gastritis, severe burns, stress, hypovolemia

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18
Q

Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma

A

infiltrating, fundus/neck, well-differentiated

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18
Q

acinar cell injury

A

Blockage, alcoholism → edema → impaired blood flow, ischemia → acinar cell injury → activated enzymes

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19
Q

Flat, firm, irregular, rigid, gastric malignancy

A

Diffuse Adenocarcinoma - Linitis Plastica

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19
Q

Acute Pancreatitis Risks

A

Gallstones & EtOH

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20
Q

Most important prognostic feature of colon cancer is

A

cancer stage

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21
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis acinar cell injury causes

A

production of pro-fibrotic cytokines (TGF-β and PDGF)

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22
Q

Bloody mucoid stools w/ skip lesion stenosis

A

Crohn Disease

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23
Q

Most common malignancy arising in the esophagus

A

SCC

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23
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis Pathogenesis

A

oxidative stress d/t alcohol → AP-1, NF-KB pathways; IL-8 and monocyte chemo-attractant protein

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24
Q

increased # of eosinophils w/in the esophageal epithelium, hyperplasia of the basal zone, elongation of the epithelial papilla

A

Uncomplicated GERD

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24
Q

Causes of chemical esophagitis

A

Alkali & acidic chemicals, pill esophagitis

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24
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma) Microscopically

A

“Poorly formed glands present in densely fibrotic stroma”

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25
Q

Mesocolon

A

adipose tissue that attaches to the serosa to the abdominal cavity

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25
Q

Right-sided Adenocarcinoma

A

hemoccult test (+), no gross blood in stool

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26
Q

Linitis Plastica

A

highly malignant, DIFFUSE adenocarcinoma that infiltrates the underlying stroma & fibromuscular wall creating a rigid, thick, leather-like gastric mucosa & wall

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27
Q

Diverticula above the LES or diaphragm

A

Epiphrenic Diverticula

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28
Q

Most common location for a peptic ulcer

A

proximal dudoenum

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28
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

enzymes secreted in inactive state (except: amylase, lipase)

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29
Q

Celiac Sprue

A

AI disease, flattened villi, duodenum, malabsorption, lymphocyte infiltrate in lamina propria

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30
Q

Pancreatic Cystic neoplasms - Serous cystadenoma

A

lined by cuboidal epithelium without atypia

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31
Q

High LES pressure

A

achalasia

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31
Q

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus –

A

herniation of gallbladder mucosa into muscular layer

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32
Q

Complications of Crohn Disease include

A

fistulas, strictures

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33
Q

Angiodysplasia

A

severe gastrointestinal bleeding, site of mucosal bleeding cannot be identified

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34
Q

Epiploic appendices

A

finger-like projections of the mesocolon

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34
Q

Omentum

A

sheath of adipose tissue over the intestines

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35
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

enlarged, tense, bright red or blotchy/violaceous/green-black (subserosal hemorrhages), serosa has fibrin exudate , cloudy bile

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35
Q

Pancreatic Cystic neoplasms - Mucinous cystadenoma

A

lined by columnar epithelium w/ dense “ovarian” stroma

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36
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma)

A

in head, hard, stellate, gray-white, poorly defined, somewhat resemble normal ductal epithelium by forming glands and secreting mucin, invade early, elicit intense desmoplastic response

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37
Q

Colon cancer has a high

A

5-year survival rate

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37
Q

Metastasize from middle esophagus is to

A

mediastinum, peritracheal, & tracheobronchial nodes

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37
Q

Most common malignancy of the stomach

A

carcinomas

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38
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma) Genetics

A

oncogene KRAS mutation → inactivation of p16 tumor suppressor gene → inactivation of other tumor suppression genes (TP53, SMAD4, BRCA2)

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39
Q

Obstruction of the proximal duodenum

A

PUD

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40
Q

Most common location of diverticular disease

A

sigmoid colon along the tenia coli

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41
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

pigmented stones and ass. w/ biliary tract infections; often w/ ascending cholangitis

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43
Q

Most common benign tumor of the salivary glands

A

Pleomorphic adenoma - stromal & epithelial tissue, in parotid w/o n. involvement; mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at angle of jaw

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44
Q

Myenteric plexus of the D, J, I is found in which layer

A

submucosa

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44
Q

Cholangitis Sx

A

sepsis (high fever and chills), abdominal pain, jaundice

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45
Q

Pseudomembranous Colitis infiltrate

A

segmented neutrophil infiltrates

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46
Q

Hypertrophic Gastropathy

A

prominent enlargement of gastric rugal folds d/t hyperplasia of mucosal epithelial cells

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46
Q

Pancreatic Cystic neoplasms - Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)

A

extend into ductal system

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47
Q

Most common malignancy of the appendix

A

carcinoid

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48
Q

Mucin producing tumors composed of malignant intestinal or signet ring cell types forming glandular structures

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

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48
Q

Angiodysplasia is most common

A

Cecum & right colon d/t high wall tension

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49
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl & Intrinsic Factor

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49
Q

Chronic Ischemic Change

A

Inflammation, ulceration, fibrosis, & ultimate stricture formation

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49
Q

Annular pancreas

A

pancreas forms a ring around the duodenum → risk of duodenal obstruction

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50
Q

Sialadenitis leads to an infection caused by which organism

A

S. aureus

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50
Q

Mucocele:

A

appendix dilation d/t abdundant mucin secretion

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52
Q

SCC of oral mucosa

A

often on the flood of the mouth w/ leukoplakia (that doesn’t easily scrape off) & erythroplakia

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53
Q

G-cells secrete

A

Gastrin

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55
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen I & II

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55
Q

Small gray-white plaques in the epithelial surface

A

esophageal SCC

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56
Q

Metastasize from distal esophagus is to

A

celiac & gastric nodes

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57
Q

Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis

A

auto-immune pancreatitis with duct-centric inflammatory cell infiltrate, venulitis, ↑IgG4-producing plasma cells – can mimic pancreatic cancer – responds to steroids

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58
Q

Complete Metabolic Profile (CMP)

A

Albumin: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dL ALP/Alkaline phosphatase: 44 to 147 IU/L ALT (alanine aminotransferase): 8 to 37 IU/L AST (aspartate aminotransferase): 10 to 34 IU/L BUN (blood urea nitrogen): 7 to 20 mg/dL Calcium: 8.5 to 10.9 mg/dL Chloride: 96 - 106 mmol/L CO2: 20 to 29 mmol/L Creatinine: 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL ** Glucose test: 70 to 100 mg/dL Potassium test: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L Sodium: 136 to 144 mEq/L Total bilirubin: 0.2 to 1.9 mg/dL Total protein: 6.3 to 7.9 g/dL

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59
Q

Most common location for a peptic ulcer in the stomach

A

lesser curvature of the antrum

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60
Q

esophageal SCC risk factors

A

Hx of smoking, EtOH use, tylosis, Plummer-Vinson

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61
Q

Krukenberg Tumor

A

diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma w/ signet ring that metastasizes to bilateral ovaries

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61
Q

Signet ring cell infiltrates

A

diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma - linitis plastica

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61
Q

Adenocarcinoma accounts for 50% of

A

distal esophageal cancers

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62
Q

Turcot Syndrome

A

FAP + CNS tumors (gliomas)

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63
Q

base & margins show superficial fibrinoid debris

A

peptic ulcer

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64
Q

Villous Adenoma structure/location

A

sessile/ sigmoid & rectum

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64
Q

periumbilical pain localizing to RLQ, nausea, vomiting, rebound tenderness, fever, peripheral neutrophilic leukocytosis

A

Acute Appendicitis Sx

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65
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis Imaging

A

see calcifications on CT or U/S, hypoalbuminemic edema, contrast studies show “chain of lakes” pattern d/t dilation of pancreatic ducts

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66
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

Longitudinal lacerations of mucosa at the EGJ d/t the sudden increase in pressure of severe vomiting

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66
Q

Diverticulitis

A

obstruction + inflammation of the diverticula, may lead to pericolonic abscess -> rupture -> peritonitis

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67
Q

prognosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

poor

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68
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

begins at rectum, continuous spread proximally, mucosa & submucosa, ulcers pseudopolyps crypt abscess w/ loss of haustra

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69
Q

Polyp associated w/ rectal bleeding in children

A

juvenile polyp

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69
Q

Biliary Atresia

A

biliary obstruction w/in first 2mo of life

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71
Q

3 factors that promote HCl secretion

A

neural/vagal ACh, endocrine/gastrin, histamine

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72
Q

What would be elevated in a metabolic panel during a mumps infection?

A

Serum amylase; d/t pancreatitis & salivary gland involvement

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74
Q

Type of polyp - greatest risk for colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

villous adenomatous polyp

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75
Q

Flattened villi and non-specific inflammation that improves w/ ABX

A

Tropical sprue

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76
Q

Gallstones & Gallbladder Carcinoma

A

ONLY 0.5% OF PTS. W/ GALLSTONES DEVELOP GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA, but 90% of cases of gallbladder carcinoma have gallstones

77
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome occurs in

A

alcoholics & bulemics commonly

78
Q

benign neoplasms of the esophagus

A

mesenchymal origin

79
Q

Epithelial benign tumors of the stomach

A

polyps & adenomas

81
Q

Primary carcinoma is least often seen in which segment of the GIT

A

small intestine

82
Q

Invasive Diarrhea (Destruction & dysentery) agents w/ Heavy infiltrates of segmented neutrophils

A

Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Invasive E. coli & Shigella

83
Q

Mucosal atrophy & intestinal metaplasia + infiltrates of segmented neutrophils

A

Chronic superficial active gastritis

85
Q

Type of polyp - lowest risk for colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

tubular adenomatous polyp

86
Q

Hyperplastic Polyps

A

areas of hyperplastic colonic epithelium

88
Q

Chronic superficial active gastritis caused by

A

H. pylori infection - focal infiltrates of segmented neutrophils

89
Q

Juvenile Polyps

A

Hamartomatous, associated w/ Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome, prolapse or rectal bleeding in children

89
Q

Cholangitis

A

Bacterial infection of the bile ducts, d/t obstruction often Choledocholithiasis

90
Q

Appendix is a residual portion

A

of the cecum found adjacent to the ileocecal valve

91
Q

Acute Cholecystitis S/S

A

acute RUQ or epigastric pain, mild fever, anorexia, tachycardia, sweating, nausea, vomiting, mild-moderate leukocytosis, ↑AP

93
Q

Crohn Disease

A

Creeping fat distribution, Skip lesions, Aphthous Ulcers, Cobblestone mucosa, Fistula, non-caseating granuloma, transmural

95
Q

Flattening of villi w/ non-specific infiltrates

A

celiacs or tropical sprue

96
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis leads to pancreatic insufficiency & DM

A

malabsorption, weight loss, steatorrhea, fat-soluble vit deficiencies

97
Q

Menetrier Disease

A

Hyperplasia of the surface mucus cells w/ glandular hypertrophy

99
Q

Flattened villi, lymphocytes in lamina propria

A

Celiacs or Tropical Sprue

100
Q

Protective mechanisms of the stomach

A

mucin, HCO3, tight junctions, blood flow

101
Q

Gastric mucosa consists of

A

columnar epithelium lined by mucus producing foveolar cells

102
Q

Acinar cell carcinoma

A

Acinar cell differentiation w/ zymogen granules containing, may develop metastatic fat necrosis

103
Q

Risk Factors for SCC of oral mucosa

A

Tobaccoa & EtOH

103
Q

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

A

benign hamartomatous polyps

104
Q

Pancreas Divisum

A

Duct of Wirsung is separated from the rest of the pancreatic ductal system

105
Q

Location of G-cells

A

Antrum of the stomach, pylorus & duodenum

106
Q

Chief cells are found in which region of the stomach

A

Body of the stomach

108
Q

Esophageal mucosa is lined by

A

stratified squamous

109
Q

Tumor marker for colon Adenocarcinoma

A

CEA

109
Q

Pancreatoblastoma

A

Children 1-15 y/o; Squamous islands admixed w/ acinar cells

111
Q

Causes of infectious esophagitis

A

Candidiasis, CMV, HSV

111
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma) in the tail

A

silent

112
Q

acute necrotizing pancreatitis

A

acinar/ductal tissues and islets are necrotic, red-black hemorrhagic areas, foci of yellow-white chalky fat necrosis, extra-pancreatic and extra-abdominal fat involved

113
Q

Appendix wall layers

A

mucosa + submucosa

115
Q

Patients w/ large intestine resections are prone to

A

dehydration

116
Q

Hereditary disorders of Cholelithiasis

A

ATP Binding Casette (ABC) transporters, genes ABCG5 & ABCG2 or D19H

117
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Gastric gland hyperplasia secondary to ectopic tumor

119
Q

How does PGE play a protective role in the stomach?

A

regulates mucin production

120
Q

Acalculous cholecystitis S/S

A

more insidious, symptoms obscured by underlying conditions, early recognition is critical otherwise complications quickly develop

122
Q

Most significant risk factor for adenomatous polyps to transition to adenocarcinoma

A

polyp type (villous)

123
Q

FAP

A

Inherited polyposis syndrome (mutated APC gene)

124
Q

Tubulovillous Adenoma

A

Villous component has epithelial cells that form pointed fronds projecting form the polyp surface; Intermediate risk of malignancy

125
Q

2 types of gastric adenocarcinomas

A

linitis plastica (diffuse w/ signet ring cells) & intestinal (intestinal gland)

127
Q

Ileocecal valve is not a sphincter bc

A

it is not surrounded by SM that contracts/relaxes, rather it opens as pressure builds

129
Q

Mumps infection may involve which organs

A

parotid gland, orchitis, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis

130
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis features

A

dilation of pancreatic ducts, protein plugs in lumens, decreased # of acini

130
Q

Pancreatic Pseudocyst

A

collections of necrotic-hemorrhagic material rich in pancreatic enzymes after acute pancreatitis

131
Q

Behcet Syndrome

A

recurrent aphthous ulcers, IC-vasculitis (maybe d/t viral inf)

131
Q

Omentum function

A

protective, may help wall off infections or ruptured appendix, etc

132
Q

Distended mucosal crypts w/ mucopurulent exudate streaming from crypts into the pseudomembrane

A

Pseudomembranous Colitis

133
Q

Major risk of Mumps in teenagers

A

Sterility d/t orchitis

135
Q

how do afferent neurons play a protective role in the stomach

A

cause vasodilation when toxins & secretions breach the epithelium

136
Q

Tx for Tropical sprue

A

broad-spectrum ABX

137
Q

Barretts esophagus develops as

A

Complication of long-standing GERD (~10% of pts)

139
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Absence of a portion of the diaphragm (usually on the L) w/ Herniation of the stomach, small bowel, or liver

140
Q

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A

extensive parenchymal necrosis w/ dramatic hemorrhage within the pancreas

142
Q

Most common tumor of the vermiform appendix

A

Carcinoid

142
Q

dilation of the deep esophageal glands; Numerous, saccular, flask-shaped, diverticula

A

Diffuse Intramural Diverticulosis

144
Q

Linitis plastica commonly metastasize to the _____ & are called

A

ovaries; Krukenberg tumors

145
Q

Most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - mucinous & squamous cells, in parotid w/ facial n. involvement

145
Q

Pyloric stenosis Sx

A

2-6 wks after birth, non bilious projectile vomiting, olive mass

147
Q

Menetrier Disease

A

Hyperplasia of the surface mucus cells w/ glandular hypertrophy -> large rural folds

149
Q

Hyperplasia of the parietal & chief cells

A

Hypertrophic-Hypersecretory Gastropathy

150
Q

Gardner Syndrome

A

FAP + osteomas, fibromatosis, & epidermal cysts

151
Q

Pseudomucocele Peritonei:

A

abundant mucin secretion into the peritoneal cavity d/t peritoneal implants of malignant cells

151
Q

Agents causing Cholangitis

A

enteric gram-negative bacteria: E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Clostridium + Bacteroides mixed infection

152
Q

Mucin production protects the stomach from

A

effects of pepsin

153
Q

Acute Pancreatitis Hereditary Risks

A

Mutations in cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) or Mutations in serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1)

155
Q

Pathognomonic finding in mumps infection

A

b/l parotid gland inflammation

157
Q

Gastrin causes

A

increased H+ secretion, growth of the gastric mucosa, and increased gastric motility

158
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma tumor antigens

A

CEA and CA19-9 antigen tests

159
Q

Achalasia

A

absence of myenteric plexus in esophagus (LES fails to relax + proximal dilation of esophagus)

160
Q

Plummer-Vinson (Paterson-Kelly) Syndrome

A

Esophageal web + Severe iron deficiency anemia + Glossitis

162
Q

esophageal ring

A

distal esophagus, circumferential, thick hypertrophied ring -> stenosis

163
Q

failed migration of neural crest cells

A

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)

164
Q

PUD is more likely to result in carcinoma if

A

large diameter, exophytic

165
Q

Pseudomembrane

A

plaque-like fibropurulent necrotic adhesions & mucus to the surface of damaged colonic mucosa (lacks epithelium

167
Q

sharply demarcated infarcts

A

acute arterial occlusion (SMA, IMA)

168
Q

Tubular Adenoma

A

cells form tubules w/in the polyp; Lowest risk for malignancy

169
Q

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma) in the head

A

biliary obstruction

171
Q

Mucosal atrophy & intestinal metaplasia (not erosive) w/ lymphocyte & plasma cell infiltrates

A

Chronic gastritis

172
Q

how does the muscularis mucosa play a protective role in the stomach

A

limits inflammation to the superficial mucosa

173
Q

carcinoid of the appendix

A

neuroendocrine, appendectomy is curative

174
Q

Chronic cholecystitis

A

supersaturation of bile, or inflammation d/t microbes resulting in fibrosis, adehesions, fairly clear, green/yellow, mucous bile, usually stones, ROKITANSKY-ASCHOFF sinus

176
Q

Most common malignancy in the sm. intestine

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma > Carinoid > Adenocarcinoma

178
Q

Inflammatory Polyps

A

Pseudopolyp: epithelial proliferation in response to ulceration &/or inflammation of adjacent tissue causes prominence of the mucosal folds

179
Q

Pepsin acts to

A

digest proteins

180
Q

Sequelae to fibrosing mediastinal reaction

A

Traction diverticula

181
Q

ulceration of the esophageal epithelium, which may become infected

A

Complicated GERD

182
Q

most common malignancy of extra-hepatic biliary tract

A

Carcinoma

183
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis Risks

A

Alcoholic, Cystic Fibrosis in kids, obstruction, hereditary

184
Q

Acute Pancreatitis Complications

A

pancreatic abscess, pancreatic pseudocyst, infection of necrotic material, DIC, fluid sequestration, ARDS, diffuse fat necrosis, peripheral vascular collapse, acute tubular necrosis, periumbilical and flank hemorrhage

186
Q

Ileocecal valve function

A

prevent reflux of digested liquid back into sm bowel & prevent colonic bacteria from entering

187
Q

Myenteric plexus maintains

A

unidirectional peristalsis

188
Q

Erosion: loss of superficial epithelium + segmented neutrophil infiltrate

A

acute gastritis

190
Q

linitis plastica

A

diffuse, signet ring cell, invasive, rigid, thick, leathery gastric wall

192
Q

Acute peritonitis agents

A

E. coli, S. aureus, C. perfringens

193
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma has a high rate of

A

recurrence d/t incomplete resection bc of irregular margins

194
Q

Intestinal adenocarcinoma

A

ulcer + intestinal metaplasia

195
Q

Complications of Chronic cholecystitis

A

Porcelain gallbladder – shrunken, hard gallbladder d/t chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and dystrophic calcification, Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, Hydrops of gall bladder

196
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign)

A

Pancreatic carcinoma (AKA infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma)

197
Q

Strong risk factor for Crohn Disease is

A

Smoking

198
Q

Chronic cholecystitis S/S

A

recurrent attacks of nonspecific mild RUQ pain esp. after eating, intolerance for fatty/fried food, +/- nausea and vomiting

200
Q

pyloric stenosis presents how & most commonly in who?

A

1st born male 2-6 weeks after birth

201
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis Labs

A

↑amylase, ↑AP

203
Q

esophageal SCC S/S

A

weight loss, progressive dysphagia w/ diet change from solids to liquids

204
Q

Most common death in cirrhosis

A

ruptured esophageal varices

205
Q

Labs for Acute Pancreatitis

A

↑amylase (

206
Q

W/in the gastric crypts are neck cells which are

A

progenitors of foveolar cells and gastric gland cells

208
Q

Erythematous gastric mucosa, segmented neutrophils in lamina propria & gastric crypts, muscularis mucosa intact

A

Chronic Superficial active gastritis

209
Q

Hyperplastic polyp

A

is not neoplastic, not associated w/ risk for carcinoma

210
Q

Development of diverticula require:

A

Focal weakness + Increased luminal pressure

212
Q

hypertrophy of the pylorus

A

Pyloric stenosis

213
Q

Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis agents

A

E. coli, pneumococci

214
Q

LES fails to relax + proximal dilation of esophagus

A

achalasia

215
Q

Function of the large colon

A

water reabsorption & fecal storage

216
Q

Complications of Acute Appendicitis

A

Suppurative Appendicitis, Gangrenous Appendicitis, Rupture -> Peritonitis

218
Q

Colonic carcinoma frequently metastasizes to the

A

liver

220
Q

Type of polyp - juvenile

A

hamartoma

221
Q

Villous Adenoma

A

Villous fronds w/in the polyp Sessile, large (10cm), velvety consistency, friable, & fragment w/ ease; Highest risk of malignancy

222
Q

Organism enters the Peyer patches in submucosa & replicates w/in

A

Yersinia

223
Q

Acute Pancreatitis S/S

A

abdominal pain referred to upper back/left shoulder, anorexia, nausea, vomiting

224
Q

Charcteristic tumor cell associated w/ linitis plastica

A

signet ring cell

225
Q

Primary carcinoma is most often seen in which segment of the GIT

A

Large intestine

226
Q

Schatzki ring

A

encircles lower esophagus just superior to the gastroesophageal junction; Under surface of the ring is lined by columnar epithelium

227
Q

Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma Prognosis

A

Poor - At diagnosis most have invaded liver, cystic duct, portal-hepatic lymph nodes

228
Q

Absorption in the small intestine occurs via

A

specialized epithelial cells lined by microvilli

229
Q

Adenocarcinoma S/S

A

fatigue, weakness, iron-deficient anemia

230
Q

Order of Esophageal CT layers from outside to inside

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, submucosa, muscularis propria, & adventitia (lacks serosa)

231
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)

A

Functional obstruction w/ colonic dilation & hypertrophy proximal to the affected segment

232
Q

Gastric adenomas are most common

A

in the antrum

234
Q

Warthin Tumor

A

Benign cystic tumor w/ lymphocytes & germinal centers in parotid

235
Q

Toxic Diarrhea (preformed toxins) agents

A

S. aureus, Vibrio cholera, C. perfringens – produce preformed toxins Enterotoxigenic E. coli – secrete toxins in vivo

236
Q

semi circumferential thin protrusion of vascularized squamous epithelium

A

esophageal web

238
Q

Left-sided Adenocarcinoma

A

gross blood in stool

239
Q

duodenal atresia is associated w/

A

Downs

240
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma has a low rate of

A

transformation to carcinoma

241
Q

Lymphoid Polyps

A

Hyperplastic lymphoid follicles d/t inflammation or other stimuli creating the appearance of a polyp

242
Q

Meconium Ileus

A

associated w/ Cystic Fibrosis

243
Q

MALT lymphomas are associated w/

A

H. pylori infections

244
Q

Peptic ulcer disease description

A

sharply demarcated, punched out ulceration (extends through muscular is mucosa)

245
Q

Infarcted bowel with sharply demarcated area

A

acute arterial occlusion -> transmural infarct

246
Q

pyloric stenosis S/S

A

non-bilious projectile vomiting, peristalsis, olive-mass in abdomen

247
Q

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes ->

A

→ inflammation and edema + proteolysis + fat necrosis + hemorrhage → acute pancreatitis

248
Q

Distal colon Adenocarcinoma

A

annular ring w/ “napkin ring” constriction; “apple core” lesion on x-ray

249
Q

Parietal cells are found in which region of the stomach

A

fundus of the stomach

250
Q

Meckel Diverticulum

A

Failure of the vitelline duct to involute; ileum; True diverticulum

251
Q

Hematemesis following severe vomiting

A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

252
Q

Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP)

A

BUN: 7 to 20 mg/dL CO2: 20 to 29 mmol/L Creatinine: 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL Glucose: 64 to 128 mg/dL Serum chloride: 101 to 111 mmol/L Serum K+: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L Serum Na+: 136 to 144 mEq/L

253
Q

Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma S/S

A

mild cholecystitis in elderly women

254
Q

Biliary Atresia pathogenesis

A

inflammation and fibrosis of inter/extra-hepatic bile ducts, cirrhosis

255
Q

Type 1; Type 2 Biliary Atresia

A

1 – obstruction at level of common bile duct 2 – obstruction at level of common hepatic duct

256
Q

Biliary Atresia S/S

A

Jaundice, normal stools → acholic (pale) stools; ↑bilirubin, ↑aminotransferase and AP

257
Q

Choledochal Cysts

A

dilatations of the common bile duct

258
Q

Choledochal Cysts Sx

A

jaundice, recurrent abdominal pain/biliary colic

259
Q

Choledochal Cysts Complications

A

predisposes pt. to stone formation, stenosis, structure, pancreatitis, obstructive biliary complications in liver, ↑ risk of bile duct carcinoma (in older pts.)

PATHOLOGY (18 decks)

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