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Histology > Skin and Mucous Membranes > Flashcards

Skin and Mucous Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different functions of skin

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • water regulation
  • sensation
  • absorption
  • storage and synthesis
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2
Q

what is another term used to describe skin and mucous membranes

A

integumentary system

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3
Q

what are examples of what the skin can protect the body from

A

pathogens
UV
injury

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4
Q

how does skin carry out thermoregulation

A

via blood vessels, sweat and hair

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5
Q

how does skin carry out water regulation

A

by preventing moisture loss

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6
Q

what sensations is the skin responsible for

A

touch, temperature and pain

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7
Q

what are examples of molecules that the skin can store

A

vitamin D, fat, glucose, water and salt

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8
Q

what are the different layers to skin

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • subcutaneous layer
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9
Q

what are som e associated structures of the skin

A

nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles

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10
Q

what is the epidermis

A

the epithelium - the outer layer

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11
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer

A

“hypo-dermis” which lies underneath the dermis

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12
Q

what is the structure of the epidermis

A

a stratified squamous epithelium;
- layered, flat, scale like cells
- basic tissue type

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13
Q

what is the tissue type found within the epidermis

A

basic

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14
Q

are there blood vessels within the epidermis

A

no

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15
Q

how many layers are there in the epidermis

A

4-5

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16
Q

what makes up the bulk of the epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

what are the names of the different layers within the epidermis

A
  • stratum corneum
  • straum lucisum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosom
  • stratum basale
  • dermis
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18
Q

what does the stratum granulosum accumulate

A

granules

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19
Q

what is the stratum lucidum

A

a clear cell layer found only in thick skin, like on the heels of feet

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20
Q

what cells of the epidermis are the sensory receptors

A

merkel cells

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21
Q

what cells make up the most of the epidermis

A

the keratinocytes - 95%

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22
Q

what are langerhan cells responsible for within the epidermis

A

antigen presenting cells - takes foreign bodies and presents them to the immune system - particularly t lymphocytes

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23
Q

what are melanocytes responsible for within the epidermis

A

production of melanin

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24
Q

where are merkel cells found in the epidermis

A

the basal cell layer

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25
Q

where are langerhans cells found in the epidermis

A

the stratum spinosum

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26
Q

where are melanocytes found in the epidermis

A

the basal layer - just above the dermis

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27
Q

where are keratinocytes found within the epidermis

A

the stratum spinosum

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28
Q

how do cells attach to each other in epithelium

A

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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29
Q

what are desmosomes made up of

A

various proteins including keratin and desmoglein

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30
Q

do skin and mucosa have the same structures

A

yes

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31
Q

where are desmosomes found

A

between epithelial cells

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32
Q

where do hemidesmosomes act

A

between basal cells and basement lamina

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33
Q

what type of skin is stratum lucidum found

A

thick

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34
Q

what are the differences between thick and thin skin

A

thick skin contains stratum lucidum, has a thicker stratum corneum - such as on the palms of hands and soles of feet.
thin skin has no stratum lucidum, all the strata are thinner, and it covers the rest of the body

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35
Q

what is the dermis

A

a strong, flexible connective tissue layer rich in collagen and elastic fibres

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36
Q

what does the dermis contain

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • a few adipocytes
  • nerve endings
  • blood vessels
  • glands
  • smooth muscle
  • lymphatics
  • hair follicles
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37
Q

how many layers make up the dermis

A

2

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38
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis called

A

the papillary layer and the reticular layer

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39
Q

what is the papillary layer of the dermis

A

this projects into intervals between epidermal ridges. it is richly supplied with capillaries and nerve endings

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40
Q

what is the reticular layer of the epidermis

A

a dense connective tissue with fibre components

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41
Q

what is psoriasis

A

an autoimmune disease that causes an accelerated turnover of epithelial cells

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42
Q

does psoriasis affect the oral cavity

A

in extremely rare cases, yes

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43
Q

what is pemphigus

A

autoimmune skin condition whereby the host antibodies target the protein that forms desmosomes known as desmoglein.
the antibodies attach to the desmoglein and weaken attachment of epithelial cells.
the spaces between the cells fill with fluid, leading to blisters and ulcerations on the patient.
leads to impaired water regulation of the skin. can affect the oral cavity if there are blisters within the mouth.

44
Q

what is vitiligo

A

loss of skin pigment - believed to be an autoimmune disease. does not affect the oral cavity

45
Q

what are the different forms of skin cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

46
Q

how can tumours form on the skin

A

when keratinocytes in the epidermis grow out of control

47
Q

where can skin cancer occur

A

any part of the body, although usually on areas that are exposed to the sun or previous damages. appear as scaly or crusty areas of skin with a red and inglamed base

48
Q

how can malignant melanomia be preventing

A

avoiding over exposure to the sun

49
Q

what are the risk factors for melinoma

A
  • uv radiation
  • moles
  • fair skin with freckles
  • sunburn
  • family history
50
Q

what are moles

A

collections of melanocytes

51
Q

what are mucous membranes

A

specialised epithelial lining with produces a lubricating fluid containing mucin which traps microbes and dirt particles and protects any body structure with is continuous with the external environment

52
Q

should all mucous membranes always be wet

A

yes

53
Q

what are the functions of mucous membranes

A
  • protection
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • sensation
54
Q

what do mucous membranes protect

A

body structures exposed to the external environment such as the oral cavity, nasal cavity and oesophagus

55
Q

where are secretoty mucous membranes found

A

stomach

56
Q

where are absorbative mucous membranes found

A

entire small intestine

57
Q

what is the basic structure of mucous membranes

A

two layers - the epithelium and lamina propria, or mucosae

58
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

also known as the mucosae, it is a supportive areolar layer found immediately beneath the mucosal epithelium and its basement membrane

59
Q

what are areolar layers

A

loose fibrous connective tissue

60
Q

what cells are found within the lamina propria

A

fibroblasts, immune cells and almost no adipocytes

61
Q

what is found in the extracellular matrix of the lamino propria mucosae

A

collagen and elastin fibres

62
Q

what constitutes mucosa

A

the epithelium and the laminoa propria mucosae

63
Q

what is the trachea composed of

A

a ciliate, pseudostratified epithelium and an elastic, fibre rich lamina propria

64
Q

what are the functions of the oral mucosa

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • secretion
  • permeability
65
Q

how does oral mucosa contribute to sensation

A

it contains touch, taste, and pain

66
Q

what is permeability and absorption utilised in

A

drug delivery

67
Q

what happens to the oral mucosa as people age

A

it thins out and the barrier function is diminished

68
Q

what does the oral mucosa contain that aids with secretion

A

minor salivary glands which maintain a moist surface essential for oral health and function

69
Q

what is lichen planus

A

autoimmune condition that affects both skin and the mucous membranes

70
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

an inherited autosomal recessibe disease of ion transport
caused by an abnormality in chloride channel protein
can cause abnormal viscous secretions
affects the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts
can also affect salivary glands

71
Q

what are the three main types of oral mucosa

A

lining mucosa
masticatory mucosa
specialised mucosa

72
Q

how is the oral mucosa divided into its different types

A

function and histology

73
Q

what is the lining mucosa

A

this is the non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium that is found almost everywhere in the oral cavity, including the alveolar mucosa, and the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae

74
Q

what is the masticatory mucosa

A

the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found on the dorsum of the tongue, the hard palate, and the attached gingiva

75
Q

what is the gustatory mucosa

A

the mucosa found on the dorsum of the tongue, that contains papillae and taste buds

76
Q

what is another name for the gustatory mucosa

A

the specialised mucosa

77
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

the thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes which line various tubes in the body

78
Q

what form of epithelium is the oral mucosa

A

stratified squamous

79
Q

what layer of skin is thicker in thick skin than in thin skin

A

the epidermis

80
Q

give a breakdown on the features found in thick skin

A

no hair follicles
sweat glands
pacinian corpuscles

81
Q

what are pacinian corpuscles

A

these are sensory receptors that sense course touch, pressure and high frequencing vibrations
they have concentric lamellae of modified schwann cells, and an outer capsule of connective tissue

82
Q

describe the structure of hair follicles

A

they have a hair shaft composed of dead keratinocytes, and a bulb that that contains specialised basal epithelial cells that produce the keratinocytes that eventually become the hair shaft as well as the inner root sheath

83
Q

how thick is the thin epidermis

A

1-2mm

84
Q

what are the layers to the epidermis

A
  • corneum
  • lucidum
  • granulosum
  • spinosum
  • basalis
85
Q

describe the corneum

A

the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin filament. at this layer, the desmosomes joining the keratinocytes together gradually break down and the cells desquamate from the surface

86
Q

what does desquamate mean

A

they shed away

87
Q

what are the three layers to the skin

A

the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodemis

88
Q

describe the lucidum

A

this is only seen in very thick skin. and is a lighter colour. usually 2-3 cell layers thick. at this layer, the keratinocytes have lost their nuclei and organelles

89
Q

describe the granulosum

A

this is 3-5 cell layers thick and is composed of flattened cells

90
Q

describe the spinosum layer of the epidermis

A

synthesises keratin

91
Q

describe the basalis layer of the epidermis

A

this is a single layer of cuboidal or columnar germ cells attached to the basement membrane

92
Q

describe the cells of the epidermis

A

all of the skin cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes except for the germ cells on the basalis layer.
they are attached to each other via desmosomes, and through their development they are pushed to the surface by the newly formed cells below. they gradually become flatter in appearance, where they are found on the corneum as they are dead

93
Q

describe the junction between the dermis and the epidermis

A

it is irregular, and contains projections into the dermal layer known as dermal papillae. the dermal papillae contain mechanoreceptors known as meissner’s corpuscles which are sensory receptors that respond to physical pressure or movement of the skin

94
Q

why are dermal papillae useful

A

they provide adhesion between the epidermis and the dermis.

95
Q

where are hair follicles located

A

in the dermis

96
Q

what does the hypodermis consist of

A

adipose tissue and connective tissue

97
Q

what is another name for the skin

A

integument

98
Q

what are the layers of the dermis

A

the papillary layer and the reticular layer

99
Q

describe the papillary layer of the dermis

A

this is the region where the dental papillae are located. also contain meissners corpuscles

100
Q

describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A

this is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that contains sweat glands and sensory receptors called pacinian corpuscles

101
Q

describe the sweat glands located in the dermis of the skin

A

they are eccrine sweat glands that are structured as coiled tubular glands and ducts with a central lumen. the walls of these glands consist of stratified cuboidal epithelium. the ducts stain dark purple

102
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

these produce and secrete oily and highly lipid fluid called sebum. the cells are called sebocytes. and the cytoplasm is full of fat droplets

103
Q

what are the main functions of mucous membranes

A

protection and lubrication

104
Q

what is the principle constituent of mucous

A

mucin

105
Q

what are mucous membranes

A

the membrane lining body cavities

106
Q

describe the structure of mucous membranes

A

surface layer of epithelial cells over a deeper layer of connective tissue
the epithelial layer can be stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium

107
Q
A

Histology (10 decks)

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