big fat quiz of the year Flashcards
what connective tissue structure connects skeletal muscle to bone
tendon
what are the functional units of nervous tissue
neurons
what feature is shared with both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
striations
in a resting skeletal muscle cell, which specialised structure sequesters calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
which body site is suitable for a punch biopsy
oral surfaces
what are the functions of all connective tissues
- energy storage
- bind tissues toether
- structural support
which ligands can bind to receptor tyrosine kinase
large hydrophilic molecules
what is the name for the layers cortical bone is arranged in
lamellae
what is the classification of epithelial lining in the alveoli
simple squamous
what type of connective tissue lines and lubricates our bones at the joints
cartilage
what is the classification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron
simple cuboidal
what is the most appropriate treatment for type 1 diabetes
insulin replacement therapy
hydroxylation of which amino acid is essential for normal collagen structure
proline
where in the cell are transcription factors located
nucleus
what is the name for the mineralised extracellular matrix of bone tissue
osteoid
which section of the kidney is the site of blood filtration
the cortex, in the glomerulus
what is the name of the cells lining bowmans capsule
podocytes
which molecules are freely filtered across the filtration barrier
creatinine
what is the primary driver for blood filtration in the kidney
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
which molecules are not filtered into the nephron
proteins and cells
which waste product of metabolism is used to estimate kidney function
creatinine
what proportion of filtrate is reabsorbed form the renal tubule
98-99%
what proportion of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
2/3
in the proximal convoluted tubule, what is the location of the sodium potassium pump
the basolateral epithelial surface
which substances follow sodium as it is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
water
glucose
chloride
what is the name given to the transport of sodium across the apical surface of the PCT
secondary active transport
which type of neprhon participates in the counter current multiplication
juxtamedullary
which section of the loop of henle contains aquaporins
thin descending limb
what happens to the concentration of filtrate as it descends the descending limb
it becomes more concentrated
what is the name of the capillary bed that reabsorbs water from the loop of henle
vasa recta
without hormonal regulation is water retained or lost
retained
which section of the nephron measures and responds to changes in sodium concentration
juxtaglomerular apparatus
what do macula densa do
detect and respond to changes in sodium concentration of the filtrate
if systemic blood pressure increases, what happens to the concentration of sodium in the filtrate as it reaches the macula densa
increases
how do the macula densa respond to increased sodium concentration
release adenosine
which molecule causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells
prostaglandin
what is released upon the release of renin
angiotensin 2
apart from blood vessels identify another target organ of angiotensin 2
pituitary gland
what does pathogenesis describe
progressive changes as the disease progresses
what is sequalae
consequence of the disease
what are initiating factors of an inflammatory response
- infectious agent
- particulate material
- cancerous cell
what is necrosis characterised by
adjacent inflammation in the surrounding tissue
what kind of molecule are cathelicidins
antimicrobial peptides produced from the oral muscosa
what organelle internalises microbes during phagocytosis
phagosome
which inflammatory response is characterised by repair
chronic as there is tissue destruction
what is the most common antibody found in the human body
IgG, at 70% in plasma
what is the antibody that gives the strongest immune resopnse after class switching
IgG
what can opsonins be
antibodies or complement proteins that can drive the process of opsonisation
what does the spleen do
filter the blood and store immune cells
what is an allergen
environmental particulate that drives an immune response
are chemokines responsible for driving immune cell recruitment
yes
what is produced from mast cells
cytokines
histamines
prostaglandins
what produces prostaglandins
all immune cells
which type of cytokines alter the behaviour of surrounding cells
paracrine
which cytokines alter the behaviour of themselves
autocrine
what is the process that drives receptor diversity in t cells
VDJ recombination
is osteoarthritis autoimmune
no
which antibody has the strongest avidity
IgM
why is IgM with a strong avidity
it has 10 antigen binding sites so it can bind multiple antigens
what is avidity
the ability of an antibody to form complexes with antigens
what happens to cells in necrosis
swelling
thymus dependent b cell activation is driven by which subset of t cells
th2
which subset of t cells drives macrophage activation
th1
which subset of t cells drives antibacterial and antifungal immunity at mucosal surfaces
th17
which subset of t cells regulates homeostasis of the immune system
t regs
the COX-2 enzyme is responsible for production of which molecule
prostaglandins
what are prostaglandins produced from
arachidonic acid
which enzymes produce leukotrienes
lipoxyenase
what is the role of matrix metalloproteinases
remodelling of soft tissues
which type of necrosis is an example of type III hypersensitivity
fibrinoid
what does p53 do to growth
suppresses it
which type of angiogenesis arises from a gradient of vascular endothelial growth factor
sprouting
