big fat quiz of the year

Question 1

what connective tissue structure connects skeletal muscle to bone

Answer 1

tendon

Question 2

what are the functional units of nervous tissue

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

what feature is shared with both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Answer 3

striations

Question 4

in a resting skeletal muscle cell, which specialised structure sequesters calcium

Answer 4

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 5

which body site is suitable for a punch biopsy

Answer 5

oral surfaces

Question 6

what are the functions of all connective tissues

Answer 6

• energy storage
• bind tissues toether
• structural support

Question 7

which ligands can bind to receptor tyrosine kinase

Answer 7

large hydrophilic molecules

Question 8

what is the name for the layers cortical bone is arranged in

Answer 8

lamellae

Question 9

what is the classification of epithelial lining in the alveoli

Answer 9

simple squamous

Question 10

what type of connective tissue lines and lubricates our bones at the joints

Answer 10

cartilage

Question 11

what is the classification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron

Answer 11

simple cuboidal

Question 12

what is the most appropriate treatment for type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

insulin replacement therapy

Question 13

hydroxylation of which amino acid is essential for normal collagen structure

Answer 13

proline

Question 14

where in the cell are transcription factors located

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

what is the name for the mineralised extracellular matrix of bone tissue

Answer 15

osteoid

Question 16

which section of the kidney is the site of blood filtration

Answer 16

the cortex, in the glomerulus

Question 17

what is the name of the cells lining bowmans capsule

Answer 17

podocytes

Question 18

which molecules are freely filtered across the filtration barrier

Answer 18

creatinine

Question 19

what is the primary driver for blood filtration in the kidney

Answer 19

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

which molecules are not filtered into the nephron

Answer 20

proteins and cells

Question 21

which waste product of metabolism is used to estimate kidney function

Answer 21

creatinine

Question 22

what proportion of filtrate is reabsorbed form the renal tubule

Answer 22

98-99%

Question 23

what proportion of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

2/3

Question 24

in the proximal convoluted tubule, what is the location of the sodium potassium pump

Answer 24

the basolateral epithelial surface

Question 25

which substances follow sodium as it is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 25

water glucose chloride

Question 26

what is the name given to the transport of sodium across the apical surface of the PCT

Answer 26

secondary active transport

Question 27

which type of neprhon participates in the counter current multiplication

Answer 27

juxtamedullary

Question 28

which section of the loop of henle contains aquaporins

Answer 28

thin descending limb

Question 29

what happens to the concentration of filtrate as it descends the descending limb

Answer 29

it becomes more concentrated

Question 30

what is the name of the capillary bed that reabsorbs water from the loop of henle

Answer 30

vasa recta

Question 31

without hormonal regulation is water retained or lost

Answer 31

retained

Question 32

which section of the nephron measures and responds to changes in sodium concentration

Answer 32

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 33

what do macula densa do

Answer 33

detect and respond to changes in sodium concentration of the filtrate

Question 34

if systemic blood pressure increases, what happens to the concentration of sodium in the filtrate as it reaches the macula densa

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

how do the macula densa respond to increased sodium concentration

Answer 35

release adenosine

Question 36

which molecule causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 36

prostaglandin

Question 37

what is released upon the release of renin

Answer 37

angiotensin 2

Question 38

apart from blood vessels identify another target organ of angiotensin 2

Answer 38

pituitary gland

Question 39

what does pathogenesis describe

Answer 39

progressive changes as the disease progresses

Question 40

what is sequalae

Answer 40

consequence of the disease

Question 41

what are initiating factors of an inflammatory response

Answer 41

- infectious agent - particulate material - cancerous cell

Question 42

what is necrosis characterised by

Answer 42

adjacent inflammation in the surrounding tissue

Question 43

what kind of molecule are cathelicidins

Answer 43

antimicrobial peptides produced from the oral muscosa

Question 44

what organelle internalises microbes during phagocytosis

Answer 44

phagosome

Question 45

which inflammatory response is characterised by repair

Answer 45

chronic as there is tissue destruction

Question 46

what is the most common antibody found in the human body

Answer 46

IgG, at 70% in plasma

Question 47

what is the antibody that gives the strongest immune resopnse after class switching

Answer 47

IgG

Question 48

what can opsonins be

Answer 48

antibodies or complement proteins that can drive the process of opsonisation

Question 49

what does the spleen do

Answer 49

filter the blood and store immune cells

Question 50

what is an allergen

Answer 50

environmental particulate that drives an immune response

Question 51

are chemokines responsible for driving immune cell recruitment

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

what is produced from mast cells

Answer 52

cytokines histamines prostaglandins

Question 53

what produces prostaglandins

Answer 53

all immune cells

Question 54

which type of cytokines alter the behaviour of surrounding cells

Answer 54

paracrine

Question 55

which cytokines alter the behaviour of themselves

Answer 55

autocrine

Question 56

what is the process that drives receptor diversity in t cells

Answer 56

VDJ recombination

Question 57

is osteoarthritis autoimmune

Answer 57

no

Question 58

which antibody has the strongest avidity

Answer 58

IgM

Question 59

why is IgM with a strong avidity

Answer 59

it has 10 antigen binding sites so it can bind multiple antigens

Question 60

what is avidity

Answer 60

the ability of an antibody to form complexes with antigens

Question 61

what happens to cells in necrosis

Answer 61

swelling

Question 62

thymus dependent b cell activation is driven by which subset of t cells

Answer 62

th2

Question 63

which subset of t cells drives macrophage activation

Answer 63

th1

Question 64

which subset of t cells drives antibacterial and antifungal immunity at mucosal surfaces

Answer 64

th17

Question 65

which subset of t cells regulates homeostasis of the immune system

Answer 65

t regs

Question 66

the COX-2 enzyme is responsible for production of which molecule

Answer 66

prostaglandins

Question 67

what are prostaglandins produced from

Answer 67

arachidonic acid

Question 68

which enzymes produce leukotrienes

Answer 68

lipoxyenase

Question 69

what is the role of matrix metalloproteinases

Answer 69

remodelling of soft tissues

Question 70

which type of necrosis is an example of type III hypersensitivity

Answer 70

fibrinoid

Question 71

what does p53 do to growth

Answer 71

suppresses it

Question 72

which type of angiogenesis arises from a gradient of vascular endothelial growth factor

Answer 72

sprouting