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Histology > big fat quiz of the year > Flashcards

big fat quiz of the year Flashcards

1
Q

what connective tissue structure connects skeletal muscle to bone

A

tendon

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2
Q

what are the functional units of nervous tissue

A

neurons

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3
Q

what feature is shared with both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

A

striations

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4
Q

in a resting skeletal muscle cell, which specialised structure sequesters calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

which body site is suitable for a punch biopsy

A

oral surfaces

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6
Q

what are the functions of all connective tissues

A
  • energy storage
  • bind tissues toether
  • structural support
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7
Q

which ligands can bind to receptor tyrosine kinase

A

large hydrophilic molecules

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8
Q

what is the name for the layers cortical bone is arranged in

A

lamellae

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9
Q

what is the classification of epithelial lining in the alveoli

A

simple squamous

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10
Q

what type of connective tissue lines and lubricates our bones at the joints

A

cartilage

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11
Q

what is the classification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron

A

simple cuboidal

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12
Q

what is the most appropriate treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

insulin replacement therapy

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13
Q

hydroxylation of which amino acid is essential for normal collagen structure

A

proline

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14
Q

where in the cell are transcription factors located

A

nucleus

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15
Q

what is the name for the mineralised extracellular matrix of bone tissue

A

osteoid

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16
Q

which section of the kidney is the site of blood filtration

A

the cortex, in the glomerulus

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17
Q

what is the name of the cells lining bowmans capsule

A

podocytes

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18
Q

which molecules are freely filtered across the filtration barrier

A

creatinine

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19
Q

what is the primary driver for blood filtration in the kidney

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

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20
Q

which molecules are not filtered into the nephron

A

proteins and cells

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21
Q

which waste product of metabolism is used to estimate kidney function

A

creatinine

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22
Q

what proportion of filtrate is reabsorbed form the renal tubule

A

98-99%

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23
Q

what proportion of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

2/3

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24
Q

in the proximal convoluted tubule, what is the location of the sodium potassium pump

A

the basolateral epithelial surface

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25
Q

which substances follow sodium as it is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

water
glucose
chloride

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26
Q

what is the name given to the transport of sodium across the apical surface of the PCT

A

secondary active transport

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27
Q

which type of neprhon participates in the counter current multiplication

A

juxtamedullary

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28
Q

which section of the loop of henle contains aquaporins

A

thin descending limb

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29
Q

what happens to the concentration of filtrate as it descends the descending limb

A

it becomes more concentrated

30
Q

what is the name of the capillary bed that reabsorbs water from the loop of henle

A

vasa recta

31
Q

without hormonal regulation is water retained or lost

A

retained

32
Q

which section of the nephron measures and responds to changes in sodium concentration

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

33
Q

what do macula densa do

A

detect and respond to changes in sodium concentration of the filtrate

34
Q

if systemic blood pressure increases, what happens to the concentration of sodium in the filtrate as it reaches the macula densa

A

increases

35
Q

how do the macula densa respond to increased sodium concentration

A

release adenosine

36
Q

which molecule causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells

A

prostaglandin

37
Q

what is released upon the release of renin

A

angiotensin 2

38
Q

apart from blood vessels identify another target organ of angiotensin 2

A

pituitary gland

39
Q

what does pathogenesis describe

A

progressive changes as the disease progresses

40
Q

what is sequalae

A

consequence of the disease

41
Q

what are initiating factors of an inflammatory response

A
  • infectious agent
  • particulate material
  • cancerous cell
42
Q

what is necrosis characterised by

A

adjacent inflammation in the surrounding tissue

43
Q

what kind of molecule are cathelicidins

A

antimicrobial peptides produced from the oral muscosa

44
Q

what organelle internalises microbes during phagocytosis

A

phagosome

45
Q

which inflammatory response is characterised by repair

A

chronic as there is tissue destruction

46
Q

what is the most common antibody found in the human body

A

IgG, at 70% in plasma

47
Q

what is the antibody that gives the strongest immune resopnse after class switching

A

IgG

48
Q

what can opsonins be

A

antibodies or complement proteins that can drive the process of opsonisation

49
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filter the blood and store immune cells

50
Q

what is an allergen

A

environmental particulate that drives an immune response

51
Q

are chemokines responsible for driving immune cell recruitment

A

yes

52
Q

what is produced from mast cells

A

cytokines
histamines
prostaglandins

53
Q

what produces prostaglandins

A

all immune cells

54
Q

which type of cytokines alter the behaviour of surrounding cells

A

paracrine

55
Q

which cytokines alter the behaviour of themselves

A

autocrine

56
Q

what is the process that drives receptor diversity in t cells

A

VDJ recombination

57
Q

is osteoarthritis autoimmune

A

no

58
Q

which antibody has the strongest avidity

A

IgM

59
Q

why is IgM with a strong avidity

A

it has 10 antigen binding sites so it can bind multiple antigens

60
Q

what is avidity

A

the ability of an antibody to form complexes with antigens

61
Q

what happens to cells in necrosis

A

swelling

62
Q

thymus dependent b cell activation is driven by which subset of t cells

A

th2

63
Q

which subset of t cells drives macrophage activation

A

th1

64
Q

which subset of t cells drives antibacterial and antifungal immunity at mucosal surfaces

A

th17

65
Q

which subset of t cells regulates homeostasis of the immune system

A

t regs

66
Q

the COX-2 enzyme is responsible for production of which molecule

A

prostaglandins

67
Q

what are prostaglandins produced from

A

arachidonic acid

68
Q

which enzymes produce leukotrienes

A

lipoxyenase

69
Q

what is the role of matrix metalloproteinases

A

remodelling of soft tissues

70
Q

which type of necrosis is an example of type III hypersensitivity

A

fibrinoid

71
Q

what does p53 do to growth

A

suppresses it

72
Q

which type of angiogenesis arises from a gradient of vascular endothelial growth factor

A

sprouting

Histology (10 decks)

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