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Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what are bone and cartilage an example of

A

skeletal connective tissue

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2
Q

where is cartilage found in the body

A

external ear
nose
intervertabral disc
articular cartillage in joints
costal
pubic symphysis
mensiscus

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3
Q

what are the bones of the skeleton

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

what are the different forms of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

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5
Q

what features are common to all 3 cartilages

A

the ground substance, fibres and cells

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6
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

firm, solid, glassy gel

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7
Q

what do the physical properties of cartilage depend on

A

compositiono f the ECM and the type and arrangement of fibres

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8
Q

what is hyalin cartilage

A

the most common form of cartilage, and abundant ground substance. contains collagen fibres

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what is lacunae

A

a small chamber in the matrix occupied by one or more chondrocytes

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11
Q

what are the features of elastic cartilage

A

highly flexible
found in outer ear/epiglottis
histologically similar to hyaline cartilage
elastic fibres are concentrated around the lacunae
collagen fibres are also present

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12
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

mineralised crystals of calcium and phosphate

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13
Q

are bones organs

A

yes

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14
Q

what do bones consist of

A

bone tissue
ct proper
adipose tissue
blood vessels
nervous tissue
articular cartilage

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15
Q

what are the different conformations of bone tissue

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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16
Q

what is cortical bone

A

compact bone

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17
Q

what is trabecular bone

A

spongy bone

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18
Q

what are the different cells of bone tissue

A
  • osteogenic/ osteoprogenitor cell
  • osteoblast
  • osteocyte
  • osteoclast
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19
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone cell precursors that give rise to osteoblasts

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20
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

cells that synthesis and secrete bone tissue known as osteoid. they also gives rise to osteocytes

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21
Q

what are osteocytes

A

cells that maintain mineralised bone tissue

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22
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

cells that resorb bone. they are derived from monocytes and macrophage lineage

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

what is the periosteum composed of

A

outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer

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25
Q

does spongy bone contain lamellar bone

A

yes

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26
Q

are there osteons in spongy bone

A

no

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27
Q

what are the spaces between trabeculae occupied by

A

red and yellow marrow, nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics

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28
Q

what is spongy bone lined by on the external surface

A

endosteum

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29
Q

what is osteoblastogenesis

A

bone formation

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30
Q

what is osteoclastogenesis

A

bone resorption

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31
Q

what are osteoclasts lineaged from

A

phagocytes

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32
Q

why may bones be remodelled

A

growth, mechanical stress, hormonal reasons and immunological reasons

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33
Q

what are some diseases in bones characterised by

A

unbalanced osteoclastogenic activity

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34
Q

what is periodontitis

A

a destructive inflammatory disease caused as a chronic immune response to oral bacteria which leads to the destruction of host tissues.

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35
Q

how does periodontitis lead to bone damage

A

there is immune mediated uncoupling of bone bone remodelling, increased osteoclastogenesis, and destruction of alveolar bone and subsequent tooth loss

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36
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

rickets

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37
Q

what causes rickets

A

failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately. dietary deficiencies like lack of calcium, phosohate and vitamin D can lead to the bones being weakened and prone to fracture.

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38
Q

which dental abnormalities is rickets associated with

A

enamel hypoplasia and delayed tooth eruption

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39
Q

what form of tissue is the skeleton formed from

A

skeletal connective tissue

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40
Q

what can the skeleton be divided into

A

the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton

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41
Q

which bones are involved in the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of limbs that provide attachment sites for muscles.

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42
Q

what is the function of the appendicular bones

A

facilitating movement

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43
Q

what is the function of hyalin cartilage in relation to bones

A

connecting the rib to the sternum

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44
Q

what are the cells found in cartilage called

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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45
Q

what do chondroblasts do

A

secrete the extracellular matrix

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46
Q

what do chondrocytes do

A

maintain the extracellular matrix

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47
Q

what is the structure of cartilage extracellular matrix

A

firm, solid, and glassy

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48
Q

why is the extracellular matrix of cartilage firm

A

the presence of chondroitin sulphates

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49
Q

how can cartilage secrete waste

A

through diffusion

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50
Q

what is the perichondreum

A

a dense fibrous tissue surrounding the hyaline cartilage

51
Q

what does the perichondreum attach cartilage to

A

various other tissues

52
Q

is the outer layer of perichondreum present in articular cartilage

A

no

53
Q

what is the difference between articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage

A

the presence of the outer layer of the perichondrium is not present in articular cartilage

54
Q

what is the inner layer of the perichondreum

A

the cellular layers

55
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

mature chondroblasts

56
Q

where are elastin fibres found most densely

A

surrounding the lacunae

57
Q

what does the ground substance of bone contain

A

chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid

58
Q

does the ground substance take up a large component of bone

A

no

59
Q

what fibres are found in bone

A

type 1 collagen

60
Q

what forms osteoid

A

ground substance and collagen

61
Q

is osteoid mineralised

A

no

62
Q

what percentage of bone is taken up by the osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

A

2%

63
Q

how is osteoid mineralised

A

deposition of hydroxyapatite

64
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

mineralised crystals of calcium and phosphate

65
Q

what is mineralised osteoid often likened to and why

A

reinforced concrete because of its hard and flexible nature - the collagen fibres give a framework to the brittle surface of the osteoid

66
Q

where is red adipose tissue found in the bone

A

in the ends, known as the epiphysis

67
Q

what is cortical bone

A

the dense, tough, smooth outer layer of bone

68
Q

what is trabecular bone

A

inner part of the bone with a spongey/honeycomb build to it

69
Q

why does bone have two different compositions

A

provides optimum strength for the least amount of weight

70
Q

which bone cell has immune lineage

A

osteoclasts

71
Q

what are the two distinct layes of periosteum

A

outer fibrous and inner osteogenic layer

72
Q

what are the layers of bone tissue called

A

lamellae

73
Q

what are lamellae

A

layers of bone tissue

74
Q

what are trabeculae

A

the spikes within travecular bone

75
Q

what are the spikes within trabecular bone called

A

trabeculae

76
Q

what are osteons

A

cocentric layers of bone tissue

77
Q

what are cocentric lamellae

A

the name given to each cocentric layer of bone tissue known as osteon

78
Q

what do central canals contain

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

79
Q

how do osteocytess communicate with each other

A

canaliculi

80
Q

what are interstitial lamellae

A

compact bones that lie betweeen osteons. they are remnats of old, remodelled osteons

81
Q

why are osteocytes trapped in lacunae

A

to maintain the material they laid down as osteoblasts

82
Q

what functional features found in corticol bone are not found in spongy bon

A

osteons and central canals

83
Q

how is spongy bone arranged

A

in layers known as lamellae

84
Q

what is each trabeculae lined externally by

A

endosteum

85
Q

why is trabecular bone always being remodelled

A

to maintain the strength of the bone

86
Q

what can bone remodelling be stimulated by

A

growth
mechanical stress
hormonal changes
immunlogical reasons

87
Q

how can immunological reasons lead to remodelling of bones

A

inflammation in diseases like periodontitis can lead to an increase in osteoclastogenesis and then lead to destruction of bone

88
Q

which component of cartilage is responsible for coferring signficant compression strength

A

chondroitin sulphate

89
Q

are all cartilages avascular

A

yes

90
Q

articular cartilage is a modification of which other type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

91
Q

what name is given to the outer fibrous connective tissue surrounding hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium

92
Q

what is the name for the small chamber in which chondrocytes are located

A

lucuane

93
Q

elastic cartilage is histologically similar to which other type of cartilage

A

hyaline

94
Q

which type of cartilage is dominated by dense bundles of collagen fibres

A

fibro

95
Q

what are lacunae

A

small cavities where the chondrocytes are found

96
Q

how are the scattered fibroblasts on fibrocartilage identified

A

by their elongated nuclei

97
Q

what surrounds the tracheal hyaline cartilage

A

a perichondreum of connective tissue

98
Q

give an outline on the histology of vertebral bone

A

contains both cortical and trabecular bone, however the latter takes up the majority.

99
Q

what are haversion lamellae

A

concentric layers of mineralised bone matrix that radiate away from the haversion canal

100
Q

what is the haversion canal

A

the central canal found in osteons that contain blood vessels and nerves. they also have osteoblasts on their surface

101
Q

where is cortical bone located

A

near the surface of bone

102
Q

that is lammellar bone

A

bone arranged in sheets. makes up 80% of compact bone and only 20% of trabecular bone

103
Q

what are spicules

A

the small beam like structures found within trabecular bone that connect with each other to form a network of interconnecting spaces which contain bone marrow

104
Q

where is woven bone found

A

mostly in trabecular bone that is developing, growing or healing. consists of randomly arranged collagen fibres

105
Q

what kind of cytoplasm do osteoblasts have

A

basophilic

106
Q
A
107
Q

where is yellow adipose tissue found

A

in the shaft of the bone known as the diphysis

108
Q

what tissues are found in the bone

A
  • bone tissue
  • connective tissue proper
  • adipose tissue
  • blood vessels
  • nervous tissue
  • articular cartilage
109
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

red or yellow fatty marrow at the centre of the tissue, often found in the epiphysis and the diphysis of the bone

110
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

to attach and connect vertebrae to each other and to limit the movement of the spine

111
Q

what are lacunae

A

chambers where chondrocytes are found

112
Q

why is hyaline useful for lubricating joints

A

the abundance of ground substance

113
Q

what is hyaline useful for

A

lubricating joints

114
Q

what feature do all the forms of cartilage share

A

they are avascular ie they do not have blood vessels

115
Q

what does chondroitin mean

A

it is belonging or in relation to cartilage

116
Q

what is the ground substance of cartilage predominantly made up of

A

chondroitin sulphate

117
Q

what is the function of the elastic cartilage in relation to bones

A

can be found in the external ear

118
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found in the skeleton

A

as pads that connect and protect individual vertebrae in the spine

119
Q

what is the function of the bones in the axial skeleton

A

to protect organs

120
Q

which bones are found in the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae and ribs

121
Q

what are lamellae

A

layers of bone tissue

122
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

an extrememly durable and tough form of cartilage with little ground substance. it is dominated by irregular dense collagen fibres
chondocytes are arranged in rows
pads of this cartilage lie between spinal vertebrae

123
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

a flexible, avascular connective tissue that provides support and resistance to compression.

Histology (10 decks)

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