Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Glands - Endocrine and Exocrine > Flashcards

Glands - Endocrine and Exocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system responsible for

A

the synthesis and secretion of chemical messengers known as hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do hormones travel

A

through the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do hormones act upon

A

specific target organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do some other hormones act

A

locallyy - they arrive at the site via microcirculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are endocrine glands composed of

A

islands of secretory epithelial cells, intervening support tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are endocrine glands rich with

A

blood and lympathic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where do secretory cells discharge hormones

A

into the space where it is rapidly absorbed into the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some chemicals that act as hormones

A
  • protein and glycoprotein molecules
  • small peptide molecules
  • amino acid derivatives
  • steroids derived from cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the three main parts of the endocrine system

A

the major endocrine organs
the endocrine components within other solid organs
diffuse endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the major function of major endocrine organs

A

the synthesis, storage and secretion of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are examples of major endocrine organs

A

thyroid and adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

some endocrine glands are components within other solid organs. what organs?

A
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
  • kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is meant by the diffuse endocrine system

A

scattered individual hormone cells within an extensive epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the major function of the diffuse endocrine system

A

paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do paracrine hormones do

A

act on adjacent non endocrine cells, rather than entering the bloodstream and producing systematic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A
  • a small gland at the base of the brain beneath the third ventricle.
  • it is divided into anterior and posterior parts with different embryological origins, functions and control mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what controls secretion of the pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus - this is under the influence of nervous stimuli from higher centres in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two main functional groups of pituitary hormones

A

hormones that act directly on non endocrine tissues
hormones that modulate the secretory activity of the other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some examples of pituitary hormones that act directly on non endocrine tissues

A

growth hormone
prolactin
ADH
oxytocin
MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some examples of pituitary hormones that modulate the secretory activity of other endocrine glands

A

thyroid stimulating hormones, ACTH, gonadotrophic hormones, follicle stimulating hormone, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which glands can be described as pituitary dependent endocrine glands

A

thyroid gland
adrenal cortex
gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the most common disease of the pituitary gland

A

pituitary adenoma - benign tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is pituitary adenoma a disease of

A

the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the thyroid gland

A

an endocrine gland found on the upper part of the trachea, shaped like a butterfly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why is the thyroid gland unique

A

stores large amounts of hormone in an inactive form within extracellular compartments in the centre of the follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how many different types of hormone does the thyroid produce

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the main bulk of the thyroid gland formed from

A

epithelial downgrowth from the fetal tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are calcitonin secreting cells derived from

A

ultimobranchial element of the fourth branchial pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is thyrotoxicosis

A

this occurs when an excess of circulating thyroid hormone causaes clinical symptoms due to systemic effects of the thyroid hormone. symptoms include palpitations, fatigue, weight loss and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is graves disease a cause of

A

pathological thyroid hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are parathyroid glands

A

small endocrine glands closely associated with the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they situated

A

4 - some have 5 or 6 - two pairs of glands on each side of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A

regulate serum calcium and phosphate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how does the parathyroid raise calcium levels

A
  • direct action on bone
  • direct action on the kidney
  • promotion of the absorption of calcium from the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is secretion of the parathyroid hormone stimulated by a decrease in

A

calcium levels in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

when the parathyroid overworks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism

A

when the parathyroid underworks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the adrenal gland

A

an endocrine gland applied in the upper pole of each kidney. one is the adrenal cortex and one is the adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are some examples of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • sex hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

catecholamine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are some examples of catecholamine hormones

A

adrenalin and noradrenalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does destruction of the adrenal medulla and cortex lead to

A

failure of secretion of all adrenal corticol hormones, leading to addisons disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what causes addisons disease

A

destruction of both adrenal glands which leads to failure of secretion of all adrenal corticol hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is meant by hyperadrenalism

A

excess secretion of corticol hormones - this can be caused by a benign tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the embryonic epithelium of the pancreatic ducts lead to

A

both potential exocrine and endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the main secretory products of the endocrine pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

in the midline of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the pineal gland connected to the brain via

A

a short stalk containing nerve fibres where some actually communicated with the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the pineal gland produce

A

melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is melatonin production induced by

A

darkness - inhibited by light via sympathetic nerves transmitting messages from the eye through the superchiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the diffuse neuroendocrine system

A

a scattered system of neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones and active peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does the diffuse neuroendocrine system possess

A

characteristic membrane bound neurosecretory vesicles that are usually spherical with an electron dense core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

when is the diffuse neuroendocrine system particularly important

A

the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what hormones can be secreted by the neuroendocrine system

A

some are true endocrine hormones, some are paracrine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what can cells of the neuroendocrine system give rise to

A

tumours known as small cell marcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the ectoderm

A

the outer most layer of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

leakier than continuous capillaries - small pores in addition to small gaps which allow for the exchange of larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

can the secretions of endocrine glands be stored and released after stimulation

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the different patterns of secretion

A

chronic, acute and episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what does a chronic pattern of secretion indicate

A

secretion occurs in the same period, at the same time and in the same amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what does an acute pattern of secretion indicate

A

depends on stimulus

63
Q

what does an episodic pattern of secretion indicate

A

follows certain episodes like mealtime

64
Q

what is humoral stimuli

A

hormones secreted in reponse to blood borne molecules eg insulin in response to glucose in the blood

65
Q

what kind of hormone regulation is insulin in response to glucose

A

humoral

66
Q

what is neural stimuli

A

this is when neurons stimulate hormone production

67
Q

what is hormonal stimuli

A

hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted

68
Q

what are the different classes of hormones

A

proteins and polypeptides
steroids
derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

69
Q

which glands produce hormones under the classification of proteins and polypeptides

A

pancreas, parathyroid

70
Q

which glands produce steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta

71
Q

which glands produce derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

A

adrenal medulla and thyroid

72
Q

what hormone does the thyroid gland produce

A

thyroxin

73
Q

what does thyroxin do

A

it regulates metabolism

74
Q

what is the thyroid gland lined with

A

a layer of follicular epithelium - usually cuboidal epithelium

75
Q

what are parafollicular cells

A

neuroendocrine cells

76
Q

how does the parathyroid hormone affect calcium levels

A
  • production of the parathyroid hormone affects osteoclast cells
  • no intake of calcium leads to secretion of the parathyroid hormone
  • this affects osteoclast cells to break down the bone
  • this breakdown of bone releases minerals including calcium into the blood
77
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

too much parathyroid is released

78
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

a big cell containing nuclei that breaks down bone

79
Q

why is osteoporosis more common in post menopausal people

A

when estrogen levels decrease, the activity of osteoclasts becomes higher due to inhibition, which means more bone is being broken down

80
Q

what is the parathyroid cell made up of

A

chief cells which synthesise and secrete the parathyroid hormone, and oxyphil cells which have an unknown function

81
Q

how are exocrine secretions released

A

through ducts that are opened directly onto the epithelial surface

82
Q

how are exocrine glands classified

A

by structure or method of secretion

83
Q

what are the two classifications for exocrine glands

A

unicellular, when they are made of one cell each, these include mucus glands which line the trachea.
multicellular, which form a sheet or pocket of gland cells

84
Q

what occurs in a compound exocrine gland

A

multiple, branched ducts

85
Q

what are branched exocrine glands surrrounded by

A

fibrous connective tissue capsules

86
Q

what do the branches of compound exocrine glands do

A

they subdivide the gland into lobules composed of alveoli or tubules. secretions from the lobules are drained by a complex, branching duct system

87
Q

what is the purpose of endocrine glands

A

regulate bodily function and maintain homeostasis

88
Q

what is an example of a neural response

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of epinephrine

89
Q

what is an example of hormonal response

A

hormones from pituitary gland stimulate the testes to make testosterone

90
Q

what are the main parts of the endocrine system

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
91
Q

what is parenchyma

A

glandular tissue

92
Q

what divides the glandular tissue into lobes in branched exocrine glands

A

septa

93
Q

what are interloba septa

A

the lobes produced from the division of glandular tissue by septa

94
Q

what do intralobular septa divide lobes into

A

lobules

95
Q

what are interlobar ducts lined by

A

stratified columnar epithelium

96
Q

what are interlobular ducts lined by

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

97
Q

what is the function of myoepithelial cells in branched glands

A

they contract and squeexe the secretions from the acini along the duct

98
Q

what are the types of secretion

A

serous
mucous
mixed glands

99
Q

what are serous secretions like

A

watery secretion containing enzymes

100
Q

what is found in mucous secretions

A

they secrete mucines which hydrate to form mucous

101
Q

what do mixed glands have

A

both serous and mucous

102
Q

what happens to cells after the hormones separate from the duct

A

they die

103
Q

what are the different salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

104
Q

where are the minor salivary glands

A

scattered around the oral cavity

105
Q

what can both minor and major salivary glands be affected by

A

diseases or medications which can lead to dry mouth

106
Q

what is xerostomia

A

dry mouth

107
Q

which form of salivary gland can tumours arised in

A

both

108
Q

what are salivary glands made up of

A

secretory acini - acini meaning a rounded secretory unit - and ducts

109
Q

what are the two types of secretions from salivary glands

A

serous and mucuos

110
Q

what is serous acinus secretion from salivary glands

A

proteins in an isotonic watery fluid

111
Q

what is mucous acinuss secretion from salivary glands

A

mucin lubricant

112
Q

what kind of acini is found in the sublingual glands

A

mainly mucous

113
Q

what kind of acini is found in the parotid glands

A

mainly serous acini

114
Q

what kind of acini is found in submandibular glands

A

a mixture of mucous and serous acini

115
Q

does mcous acini stain more or less weakly than serous acini

A

more weakly

116
Q

what kind of nuclei does mucous acini have

A

flattened

117
Q

describe serous acini

A

has a granular cytoplasm due to enzyme production and round nuclei

118
Q

what kind of gland is in the exocrine pancreas

A

branched tubuloacinar gland

119
Q

what are the compartments of a branched tubuloacinar gland

A

head, neck, body, tail

120
Q

what is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas

A

acinus

121
Q

are there are myoepithelial cells or strated ducts in the exocrine pancreas

A

no

122
Q

what are examples of enzymes secreted from the exocrine pancreas

A

proteases and amylases

123
Q

what are islets of langerhans

A

clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon

124
Q

what makes up the pancreas endocrine

A

islets of langerhans

125
Q

how much of the pancreas is taken up by the endocrine system

A

2%

126
Q

what are the three major cell types of the islets of langerhan

A

alpha
beta
delta

127
Q

what do alpha islets of langerhans produce

A

glucagon

128
Q

what do beta islets of langerhans produce

A

insulin

129
Q

what do delta islets of langerhans produce

A

somatostatin

130
Q

what are some diseases of the pancreas

A

pancreatic cancer
cystic fibrosis
diabetes mellitus

131
Q

which portion of the pancreas is affected in cystic fibrosis

A

exocrine

132
Q

what is the most common endocrine disorder in the pancreas

A

diabetes mellitus

133
Q

what occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

the beta islets of langerhans are destroyed - dependent on insulin.

134
Q

how common is type 1 diabetes

A

only make up 5-10% of all diabetic patients

135
Q

explain type 2 diabetes

A

tissues lose their sensitivity to insulin so it becomes ineffective

136
Q

what are the oral implications of diabetes

A
  • periodontitis
  • dry mouth
  • susceptibility to infection
137
Q

what are some disorders of the exocrine system

A

reduced hormone release
excessive hormone release
hormone resistance

138
Q

what is hypofunction

A

reduced hormone release

139
Q

what is hyperfunction of the endocrine system

A

excessive hormone release

140
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

hormone resistance

141
Q

when can endrocrine changes be seen

A

in pregnancy, menopause, stress and obesity

142
Q

what halogen does the thyroid gland require to produce thyroxin

A

iodine

143
Q

what are the hormones that are produced by the thyroid gland that require iodine

A

T3 and T4

144
Q

what does the sublingual gland produce

A

mucous

145
Q

what does the parotid gland produce

A

serous

146
Q

what does the submandibular secrete

A

serous-mucous

147
Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis

148
Q

what is the zona reticularis

A

the thin, innermost layer of the adrenal cortex and lies next to the adrenal medulla. consists of an irregular network of branching cords and clusters of glandular cells, separated by numerous wide-diameter capillaries. this layer secretes small quantities of androgens and glucocorticoids

149
Q
A
150
Q
A
151
Q
A
152
Q

what is the zona fasiculata

A

the middle and broadest of the three corticol zones. it consists of narrow columns and cords of cells, often only one cell thick. it secretes glucocorticoid and mainly the hormone cortisol, which raises blood glucose levels and increases cellular synthesis.

153
Q

what is the zone glomerulosa

A

this lies beneath the capsule, and contains secretory cells arranged in rounded clusters. it is composed of cells arranged in irregular ovoid clusters separated by delicate fibrous trabeculae. this zone secretes the mineralcorticoid hormones, principally aldosterone.

Histology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions