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Histology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is muscle tissue specialised for

A

contraction in order to produce movement

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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3
Q

muscle tissue is specialised to produce what

A

contractions

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4
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is regulated by which branch of the nervous system

A

somatic

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5
Q

what are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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6
Q

what is the name of the outer connective tissue that encases entire muscles

A

epimysium

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7
Q

what is the epimysium

A

the outer connective tissue that encases entire muscles

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8
Q

what name is given to the connective tissue layer that surrounds bundles of muscle fibres known as fasicles

A

perimysium

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9
Q

what is the name given to the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual skeletal muscle fibres

A

endomysium

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10
Q

what are tendons

A

the strucutre formed by the coming together of the three connective tissue layers in skeletal muscle, at the tapering ends

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11
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

the chemical signal released at the neuromuscular junction

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12
Q

what are t tubules

A

the structural feature of skeletal muscle fibres that propagates action potentials into the interior of the cell

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13
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the structural feature of skeletal muscle fibres that sequesters calcium away from myofibrils during relaxation

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14
Q

exlpain the structure and control of skeletal muscle

A

striated structure controlled by somatic nervous system

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15
Q

explain the structure and control of cardiac muscle

A

striated structure controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

explain the structure and control of smooth muscle

A

non striated controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

muscle tissue specialised for contractions that produce movement. it is attached to the skeleton and allows voluntary movement of the skeleton.

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18
Q

what are examples of subconscious movement of skeletal muscle

A

balance and posture

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19
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • elongated, cylindrical cells with multiple peripherally located nuclei
  • this is the main tissue type found within skeletal muscles
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20
Q

what is an individual skeletal muscle also classed as

A

an organ

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21
Q

which tissues are skeletal muscles composed of

A

skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood vessels, connective tissues

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22
Q

what are fasicles wrapped by

A

perimysium

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23
Q

where is endomysium found

A

between individual muscle fibres

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24
Q

what are individual muscle fibres separated by

A

endomysium

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25
Q

what is fasciculi

A

where the groups of muscle fibres are grouped together

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26
Q

is perimysium a loose connective tissue

A

yes

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27
Q

what is the entire muscle externally surrounded by

A

the dense connective tissue known as epimysium

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28
Q

where are blood vessels and nerves found within the skeletal muscles

A

spread throughout the connective tissues coating the muscles

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29
Q

what is the skeletal muscle cell structure specialised for

A

contraction

30
Q

what gives rise to the striated structure of skeletal muscle fibres

A

arrangement of myofibrils

31
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

repeating protein units called myofilaments

32
Q

what are the two myofilaments

A

myosin and actin

33
Q

how is myson and actin differentiated

A

actin is light and myosin is dark coloured

34
Q

where are the actin bands bisected by

A

dense Z lines

35
Q

what do Z lines divide each myofibril into

A

contractile units called sarcomeres

36
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

the contractile units of skeletal muscles

37
Q

what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomeres

38
Q

what do sarcomeres contract by

A

sliding filament mechanism

39
Q

what causes contraction

A

a conformational changes causes the filaments to slide over each other and cause the sarcomere to shorten

40
Q

what type of neurons innervate skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor neurons

41
Q

how many muscle fibres do individual motor neurons innervate (supply with nerves)

A

several

42
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres it innervates

43
Q

how is action potential stimulated in muscle fibres

A
  • neuronal action potential is converted to a chemical messenger known as acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction
  • this is detected by receptors on muscle fibres
  • stimulates action potential in muscle fibres
44
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

the membrane that invaginates into the sarcoplasm to form membranous t tubules

45
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified smooth ER. calcium ions are concentrated within it

46
Q

what two features support the contraction of sarcomeres

A

sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum

47
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

muscle found in the heart and is speciailsed for continuous autonomous contractions. pumps blood through the cardiovascular system

48
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle like

A

elongatede branched cylindrical cells, with one or two centrally located nuclei. striated structure

49
Q

what are the three layers to the heart wall

A

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

50
Q

what is the pericardium

A

the outer supporting tissue layer of the heart wall

51
Q

what is the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue within the heart wall

52
Q

what is the endocardium

A

the single layer of endothelial cells found on the heart wall as the innermost layer

53
Q

what is the histological structure of cardiac muscle

A

branched structure of individual cardiac muscle cells with a reticular connective tissue supporting a rich capillary network. specialised intercellular junctions known as intercalated discs that anchor cardiac cells together

54
Q

what are the similarities with skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

A
  • identical arrangements of sarcomeres
  • contains t tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • numerous mitochondria
  • glycogen and lipid granules
  • contraction by sliding filament mechanism
55
Q

what are the differences with skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

A
  • the autonomous contraction of cardiac muscles
  • the sarcoplasmic reticulum slowly leaks calcium ions
  • specialised cardiac muscles known as the conducting system
  • intercalated discs that allow cardiac muscles to function as the synctium
56
Q

what are the elements to the conducting system of the heart

A
  • there is autonomous contraction initiated at the sinoatrial node
  • the left and right atria contract
  • atrioventricular nodde
  • atrioventricular bundles
  • purkinje fibres
  • cardiac muscle fibres
57
Q

what is the rate of inherent rhythm modulated by

A

autonomic nervous stimulation and hormonal stimulation

58
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

specialised for continuous contractions - typically to propel lumen contents (peristalsis)

59
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

lining hollow organs

60
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle

A

elongated, spindle shaped cells with tapered ends. single centrally located nuclei.

61
Q

why is smooth muscle not striated

A

lack of sarcomeres

62
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract

A

a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane
two muscle layers at the right angles

63
Q

what is peristalsis

A

movement of the food through the gastrointestinal tract

64
Q

what is the anatomical arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract specialised for

A

peristalsis

65
Q

what are the different layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

inner circular layer which constricts the lumen diameter
outer longitudinal later that shortens length

66
Q

what modulates the intensity of peristalsis

A

the parasympathetic NS

67
Q

what are the smooth muscle layers of the bowel wall called

A
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • parasympathetic ganglia
68
Q

how are actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle

A

a criss cross lattice

69
Q

how is smooth muscle anchored to the cytoplasm and cell membrane

A

caveoli (invaginations of the membrane)

70
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle when in a relaxed state

A

elongated

71
Q

are there striations in relaxed smooth muscle cells

A

no

72
Q
A

Histology (10 decks)

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