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Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is muscle tissue specialised for

A

contraction in order to produce movement

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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3
Q

muscle tissue is specialised to produce what

A

contractions

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4
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is regulated by which branch of the nervous system

A

somatic

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5
Q

what are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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6
Q

what is the name of the outer connective tissue that encases entire muscles

A

epimysium

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7
Q

what is the epimysium

A

the outer connective tissue that encases entire muscles

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8
Q

what name is given to the connective tissue layer that surrounds bundles of muscle fibres known as fasicles

A

perimysium

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9
Q

what is the name given to the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual skeletal muscle fibres

A

endomysium

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10
Q

what are tendons

A

the strucutre formed by the coming together of the three connective tissue layers in skeletal muscle, at the tapering ends

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11
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

the chemical signal released at the neuromuscular junction

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12
Q

what are t tubules

A

the structural feature of skeletal muscle fibres that propagates action potentials into the interior of the cell

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13
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the structural feature of skeletal muscle fibres that sequesters calcium away from myofibrils during relaxation

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14
Q

exlpain the structure and control of skeletal muscle

A

striated structure controlled by somatic nervous system

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15
Q

explain the structure and control of cardiac muscle

A

striated structure controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

explain the structure and control of smooth muscle

A

non striated controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

muscle tissue specialised for contractions that produce movement. it is attached to the skeleton and allows voluntary movement of the skeleton.

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18
Q

what are examples of subconscious movement of skeletal muscle

A

balance and posture

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19
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • elongated, cylindrical cells with multiple peripherally located nuclei
  • this is the main tissue type found within skeletal muscles
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20
Q

what is an individual skeletal muscle also classed as

A

an organ

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21
Q

which tissues are skeletal muscles composed of

A

skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood vessels, connective tissues

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22
Q

what are fasicles wrapped by

A

perimysium

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23
Q

where is endomysium found

A

between individual muscle fibres

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24
Q

what are individual muscle fibres separated by

A

endomysium

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25
what is fasciculi
where the groups of muscle fibres are grouped together
26
is perimysium a loose connective tissue
yes
27
what is the entire muscle externally surrounded by
the dense connective tissue known as epimysium
28
where are blood vessels and nerves found within the skeletal muscles
spread throughout the connective tissues coating the muscles
29
what is the skeletal muscle cell structure specialised for
contraction
30
what gives rise to the striated structure of skeletal muscle fibres
arrangement of myofibrils
31
what are myofibrils composed of
repeating protein units called myofilaments
32
what are the two myofilaments
myosin and actin
33
how is myson and actin differentiated
actin is light and myosin is dark coloured
34
where are the actin bands bisected by
dense Z lines
35
what do Z lines divide each myofibril into
contractile units called sarcomeres
36
what are sarcomeres
the contractile units of skeletal muscles
37
what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle
sarcomeres
38
what do sarcomeres contract by
sliding filament mechanism
39
what causes contraction
a conformational changes causes the filaments to slide over each other and cause the sarcomere to shorten
40
what type of neurons innervate skeletal muscle
somatic motor neurons
41
how many muscle fibres do individual motor neurons innervate (supply with nerves)
several
42
what is a motor unit
a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres it innervates
43
how is action potential stimulated in muscle fibres
- neuronal action potential is converted to a chemical messenger known as acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction - this is detected by receptors on muscle fibres - stimulates action potential in muscle fibres
44
what is the sarcolemma
the membrane that invaginates into the sarcoplasm to form membranous t tubules
45
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
modified smooth ER. calcium ions are concentrated within it
46
what two features support the contraction of sarcomeres
sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum
47
what is the function of cardiac muscle
muscle found in the heart and is speciailsed for continuous autonomous contractions. pumps blood through the cardiovascular system
48
what is the structure of cardiac muscle like
elongatede branched cylindrical cells, with one or two centrally located nuclei. striated structure
49
what are the three layers to the heart wall
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
50
what is the pericardium
the outer supporting tissue layer of the heart wall
51
what is the myocardium
cardiac muscle tissue within the heart wall
52
what is the endocardium
the single layer of endothelial cells found on the heart wall as the innermost layer
53
what is the histological structure of cardiac muscle
branched structure of individual cardiac muscle cells with a reticular connective tissue supporting a rich capillary network. specialised intercellular junctions known as intercalated discs that anchor cardiac cells together
54
what are the similarities with skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles
- identical arrangements of sarcomeres - contains t tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum - numerous mitochondria - glycogen and lipid granules - contraction by sliding filament mechanism
55
what are the differences with skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
- the autonomous contraction of cardiac muscles - the sarcoplasmic reticulum slowly leaks calcium ions - specialised cardiac muscles known as the conducting system - intercalated discs that allow cardiac muscles to function as the synctium
56
what are the elements to the conducting system of the heart
- there is autonomous contraction initiated at the sinoatrial node - the left and right atria contract - atrioventricular nodde - atrioventricular bundles - purkinje fibres - cardiac muscle fibres
57
what is the rate of inherent rhythm modulated by
autonomic nervous stimulation and hormonal stimulation
58
what is the function of smooth muscle
specialised for continuous contractions - typically to propel lumen contents (peristalsis)
59
where is smooth muscle found
lining hollow organs
60
what is the structure of smooth muscle
elongated, spindle shaped cells with tapered ends. single centrally located nuclei.
61
why is smooth muscle not striated
lack of sarcomeres
62
what is the gastrointestinal tract
a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane two muscle layers at the right angles
63
what is peristalsis
movement of the food through the gastrointestinal tract
64
what is the anatomical arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract specialised for
peristalsis
65
what are the different layers of the gastrointestinal tract
inner circular layer which constricts the lumen diameter outer longitudinal later that shortens length
66
what modulates the intensity of peristalsis
the parasympathetic NS
67
what are the smooth muscle layers of the bowel wall called
- inner circular layer - outer longitudinal layer - parasympathetic ganglia
68
how are actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle
a criss cross lattice
69
how is smooth muscle anchored to the cytoplasm and cell membrane
caveoli (invaginations of the membrane)
70
what is the structure of smooth muscle when in a relaxed state
elongated
71
are there striations in relaxed smooth muscle cells
no
72

Histology (10 decks)

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