Connective Tissue Flashcards
what are the four types of tissue found in the human body
- epithelium
- connective
- nervous
- muscle
what is connective tissue
the most abundant tissue within the human body with a diverse structural arrangement depending on the location and function of the tissue
what are examples of connective tissue
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons and ligaments
- adipose tissue
- mesentry
- layers under the skin and around the eyes
what are the three main components that define connective tissue
- ground substance
- fibres
- cells
how do each components of connective tissues differ
depending on the function of the tissue
what makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues
the ground substance and fibres
what does the extracellular matrix provide
structural and biochemical support for cells
what does the ground substance do
provide chemical support
water binding
tissue volume
supports intercellular exchange of substances
what is the ground substance
a clear, semi solid gel composed of glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates
what are the complex carbohydrates that the ground substance contains
hyaluronic acid and glucosamine
what do fibres do
provide structural support and tensile strength
what are the two main types of fibre
collagen and elastin
which type of fibre is more abundant and stronger
collagen
what are elastin fibres
long and branched fibres that produce stretch and recoil ability
what is collagen
strong fibre that provides tensile strength.
how is collagen secreted into the extracellular matrix
by connective tissue cells
how many types of collagen are there
28
what are the most common forms of collagen
fibrous tissue
hyaline cartilage
delicate branched reticular network found in highly cellular organs
how is elastin secreted into the extracellular matrix
connective tissue cells
what does elastin do
confer elasticity to tissues
where is elastin found
skin, lungs, blood vessels and bladder
which type of collagen is found in skin, tendons bones and ligaments
type 1
what are the cells of connective tissues
- fibroblasts
- odontoblasts
- adipcytes
- osteoclasts
what is the most common connective tissue cell
fibroblasts
what does the suffix blast mean
synthesises the extracellular matrix
what do odontoblasts do
synthesise dentin in teeth
what do adipcytes do
maintain extracellular matrix in adipose tissue
what does the suffic cytes mean
maintain the extracellular matrix
what does the suffix clast mean
breakdown of the extracellular matrix
what do osteoclasts do
they recycle / breakdown extracellular matrix in bone
what do fibroblasts do
secrete fibres and components of ground substance
what do chondrocytes do
secrete and maintain extracellular matrix in cartilage
how are connective tissues highly vascularised
they contain blood vessels and lymphatics
what do connective tissues contain for defence
immune cells that survey tissues for invading pathogens/cell damage
what are the exceptions of connective tissues that contain immune cells
cartilage, tendons and ligaments
connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of loose connective tissues
loose are mostly ground state, include adipose, areolar and reticular
connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of dense connective tissues
dense are mostly fibres, and can be regular, irregular or elastic
how are connective tissues classified as loose or dense
depends on the arragement of fibres
what are cartilage and bone
skeletal connective tissues
what are blood and nymph
fluid connective tissues
what is areolar tissue
a universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues. it is found beneath skin, submucosa, and surrounding capillaries
what is adipose tissue
tissue that functions in energy storage, shock absorption and insulation. it is found deep beneath skin, breasts, abdomen, finger and foot pads
what is reticular tissue
a delicate, branched network providing internal structure to highly cellular organs
what are some highly cellular organs
liver, lymph nodes and the spleen
what is dense regular connective tissue
closely packed collagen fibres running in the same direction that provide tensile strength. found in tendons and ligaments
what is dense irregular connective tissue
closely packed interwoven fibres running in different directions found in the dermis of the skin, that forms a protective capsule around organs
where is elastin found
arteries, lungs, skin, and underlying transitional epithelium
what causes scurvy
lack of vitamin c
what happens with scurvy
lack of vitamin c leads to defective collagen formation, which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and even death
what does the triple helical structure of collagen arise from
an unusual abundance of three amino acids: glycine, proline and hydroxyproline
what would happen without the structural support of collagen
blood vessels, tendons and skin would become fragile
what is systematic lupus erythematosis
an autoimmune disease where antibodies target host tissues such as skin, bonds, tendons and kidneys
what are the oral symptoms and manifestations of systematic lupus erythematosis
dryness, soreness and buccal or palatal lesions
what is sjogrens disease
an autoimmune disease where the antibodies affect glands that produce tears and saliva
what are the symptoms and oral manifestations of sjogrens disease
dry eyes and mouth, increased dental caries and candiasis
what is the most abundant tissue type in the human body
connective tissue
what is the function of bone connective tissue
structrual integrity
what is the function of cartilage connective tissue
protect joints, provide structural integrity
what is the function of tendons and ligaments
connect muscle to bone, protect joints
what is the function of adipose tissue
energy storage
what is the function of mesentry
connects intestine to abdomen
what is the function of layers of connective tissue under the skin and around organs
provide support
what are some examples of connective tissues
bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
adipose tissue
mesentry
layers under the skin and around organs
what does the extracellular matrix do
provide structural and biochemical support for cells
is the epithelium highly vascularised
no
describe the connective tissue proper
there is a broad category of diverse structure and functions and will be loose or dense depending on arrangement of fibres
what is the structure of collagen
triple helical
why may the resolution of cells on h&E staining appear blurred or smudgy
poor specimen preparation or sectioning. tissue samples are delicate and must be supported in order for the thin sections to be easily cut without becoming distorted. support can be provided by embedding tissue samples in resins or paraffin wax. ideally the tissue sections should be as thin as a single layer of cells in order for the light or electrons to pass through the prepared tissue and allow the cellular detail to be visible under the microscope. distortion to the tissue structure or cutting of thick sections will reduce the resolution when viewed under a microscope
what are the functions of connective tissue
energy storage (adipose tissues store energy in the form of a lipid), structural support, and binds other tissues together
what are the three main components of connective tissues
cells, ground substance, and fibres
are connective tissues highly cellular tissues
no
what are the functions of the ground substance
provide a water binding ability, provide biochemical support, and tissue volume
what is the function of cells that have the blast suffix
these cells synthesise and secrete the extracellular matrix
what is the most abundant type of fibre
collagen
are most connective tissues containing blood vessels and lymphatics
yes
what are the different forms of adipose tissue
brown and white
what is areolar tissue
this is a loose connective tissue that is involved in biological packing
give a summary of the basement membrane
- sheet like arrangement of extracellular matrix proteins.
- controls the physical binding of the epithelia
- controls epithelial growth
- permits the flow of nutrients
what form of connective tissue has a rich blood supply
adipose tissue
what are the two types of fibre found in connective tissue
collagen and elastic
give a summery on elastin
this is a fibre arrangement in discontinuous sheets or as single fibres.
they are synthesisded by fibroblasts
formation of elastin involved fibroblasts creating tropoelastin, which is then polymerised into elastin by lysyl oxidase with extensive cross linking of lysine amino acid side chains
what is fibrillin
a structural glycoprotein important for deposition of elastin
give a summary of collagen formation
- secreted into the extracellular matrix by connective tissue cells like fibroblasts
- tropocollagen monomer is produced by the fibroblasts and join together longitudinally to form collagen fibrils
what are mesenchymes
these are where the cells of supporting tissue are derived
what do fibroblasts do
they secrete, maintain and recycle the matrix
what are myofibroblasts involved in
repair
what are adipocytes involved in
these cells are specialised in storage of fat and form adipose tissue
what are chondrocytes involved in
producing and maintaining the collagenous matrix
what are the main functions of connective tissue
general structure
mechanical strength
space filling
physical and metabolic support
what are the structural properties of connective tissues
tensile strength
elasticity
volume
what does it mean to say that connective tissue has tensile strength
it is able to resist pulling, sretching and tearing
what does elasticity mean
the ability to return to original shape after being distorted; stretchiness
give a summary on the structure and function of brown adipose tissue
body temperature regulation, rich in mitochondria, and are specialised in the generation of heat. they are found in the adrenals of human adults, but only in small amounts and nowhere else
what is reticulin
the earliest form of collagen fibre to be produced during the development of all supporting tissues
give a summary on the structure and function of adipose tissue
makes up about 20% of human body weight. functions in the following:
- triglyceride storage and mobilisation
- structural fill
- thermal insulator
- forms part of shock absorbing patterns
the fat is divided into lobules and are surrounded by fibrous tissue. it is a flexible and deformable cushion against compression
what are dendritic cells
cells with dendrites, which are long, branched cytoplasmic processes.
what is the function of the bone connective tissue
structural integrity
what is the function of cartilage connective tissue
protect joints and structural integrity
what is the function of tendon and ligament connective tissue
connect muscle to bone and protect joints
what is the function of adipose tissue
energy storage
what is the function of mesentery connective tissue
connect the intestine to the abdomen
what is found in extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibres
what provides tissue volume in connective tissue
ground substance
what provides water binding ability to the connective tissue
ground substance
where is type one collagen found
fibrous tissues like skin tendons ligaments and bone
where is type 2 collagen found
this is hyaline cartilage
where is type three cartilage found
highly cellular organs like the liver
how are collagen fibres arranged in ligaments
tightly and orientated in one direction for maximal strength
how are collagen fibres arranged in dermis of the skin
less tightly packed than in ligaments, run perpendicular to each other to provide strength in both direction
which collagen fibres are found in the liver
reticular
which cells are found between the elastin in the artery wal
smooth muscle cells
where is elastin very dense in the body
arterial walls
what is the most common connective tissue cell type
fibroblasts
which cells secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix in cartilage
chondrocytes
what do osteoblasts and osteocytes do
secrete and maintain mineralised ecm in bone
which connective tissues are not highly vascularised
cartilage, tendons and ligaments
what are the skeletal connective tissues
cartilage and bone
what are the fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph
what are the loose connective tissues
areolar, adipose, and reticular
what are the dense connective tissues
regular, irregular and elastic
what kind of connective tissue is areolar tissue
loose
what kind of connective tissue is adipose tissue
loose
what kind of connective tissue is reticular tissue
loose
what kind of connective tissue is regular tissue
dense
what kind of connective tissue is irregular tissue
dense
what kind of connective tissue is elastic
dense
what makes up most of the loose connective tissues
ground substance
what makes up most of the dense connective tissues
fibres
where is areolar tissue found
beneath the skin, the submucosa and surrounding capillaries
what is the function of areolar tissue
universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues
how can adipocytes be seen in adipose tissue
in isolation or in small clusters
where is adipose tissue found
deep beneath skin, breaks, in the abdomen, finger and foot pads.
it can be foud in isolation or scattered throughout fibrous connective tissues to create fibroadipose tissue
where can reticular connective tissue be found
liver, lymph nodes and spleen
where is dense regular connective tissue found
tendons and ligaments
where is dense irregular connective tissue found
dermis of skin and providing a protective capsule around the organs
what actually is elastic connective tissue
a form of dense regular connective tissue that has been dominated by elastic fibres
where is elastic connective tissue found
arteries, skin, lungs and underlying transitional epithelium
which connective tissue disorder is caused by vitamin c deficiency
scurvy, a defective collagen formation which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and death
which amino acids are found in the triple helicle structure of collagen
glycine
proline
hydroxyproline
what can happen to skin, blood vessles and tendons without collagen
fragility
what is SLE
systemic lupus erythematosis
which connective tissue disorders have oral manifestations
sjogrens, system lupus erythematosis and scurvy
what is the most abundant tissue within the human body
connective tissue
what are the three main components of connective tissue
ground substance
fibres
cells
what is found within the ground substance
glycoproteins
hyaluronic acid
glucosamine
where is type one collagen found
dermis of skin
tendons
ligaments
bone
where is type two collagen found
hyaline cartilage
where is type three collagen found
liver and lymph nodes
what type of collagen is reticular
type three
which types of connective tissue are avascular
cartilage
tendons
ligaments