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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of tissue found in the human body

A
  • epithelium
  • connective
  • nervous
  • muscle
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2
Q

what is connective tissue

A

the most abundant tissue within the human body with a diverse structural arrangement depending on the location and function of the tissue

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3
Q

what are examples of connective tissue

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons and ligaments
  • adipose tissue
  • mesentry
  • layers under the skin and around the eyes
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4
Q

what are the three main components that define connective tissue

A
  • ground substance
  • fibres
  • cells
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5
Q

how do each components of connective tissues differ

A

depending on the function of the tissue

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6
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues

A

the ground substance and fibres

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7
Q

what does the extracellular matrix provide

A

structural and biochemical support for cells

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8
Q

what does the ground substance do

A

provide chemical support
water binding
tissue volume
supports intercellular exchange of substances

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9
Q

what is the ground substance

A

a clear, semi solid gel composed of glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates

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10
Q

what are the complex carbohydrates that the ground substance contains

A

hyaluronic acid and glucosamine

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11
Q

what do fibres do

A

provide structural support and tensile strength

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12
Q

what are the two main types of fibre

A

collagen and elastin

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13
Q

which type of fibre is more abundant and stronger

A

collagen

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14
Q

what are elastin fibres

A

long and branched fibres that produce stretch and recoil ability

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15
Q

what is collagen

A

strong fibre that provides tensile strength.

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16
Q

how is collagen secreted into the extracellular matrix

A

by connective tissue cells

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17
Q

how many types of collagen are there

A

28

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18
Q

what are the most common forms of collagen

A

fibrous tissue
hyaline cartilage
delicate branched reticular network found in highly cellular organs

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19
Q

how is elastin secreted into the extracellular matrix

A

connective tissue cells

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20
Q

what does elastin do

A

confer elasticity to tissues

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21
Q

where is elastin found

A

skin, lungs, blood vessels and bladder

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22
Q

which type of collagen is found in skin, tendons bones and ligaments

A

type 1

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23
Q

what are the cells of connective tissues

A
  • fibroblasts
  • odontoblasts
  • adipcytes
  • osteoclasts
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24
Q

what is the most common connective tissue cell

A

fibroblasts

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25
Q

what does the suffix blast mean

A

synthesises the extracellular matrix

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26
Q

what do odontoblasts do

A

synthesise dentin in teeth

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27
Q

what do adipcytes do

A

maintain extracellular matrix in adipose tissue

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28
Q

what does the suffic cytes mean

A

maintain the extracellular matrix

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29
Q

what does the suffix clast mean

A

breakdown of the extracellular matrix

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30
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

they recycle / breakdown extracellular matrix in bone

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31
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

secrete fibres and components of ground substance

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32
Q

what do chondrocytes do

A

secrete and maintain extracellular matrix in cartilage

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33
Q

how are connective tissues highly vascularised

A

they contain blood vessels and lymphatics

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34
Q

what do connective tissues contain for defence

A

immune cells that survey tissues for invading pathogens/cell damage

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35
Q

what are the exceptions of connective tissues that contain immune cells

A

cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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36
Q

connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of loose connective tissues

A

loose are mostly ground state, include adipose, areolar and reticular

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37
Q

connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of dense connective tissues

A

dense are mostly fibres, and can be regular, irregular or elastic

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38
Q

how are connective tissues classified as loose or dense

A

depends on the arragement of fibres

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39
Q

what are cartilage and bone

A

skeletal connective tissues

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40
Q

what are blood and nymph

A

fluid connective tissues

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41
Q

what is areolar tissue

A

a universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues. it is found beneath skin, submucosa, and surrounding capillaries

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42
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

tissue that functions in energy storage, shock absorption and insulation. it is found deep beneath skin, breasts, abdomen, finger and foot pads

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43
Q

what is reticular tissue

A

a delicate, branched network providing internal structure to highly cellular organs

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44
Q

what are some highly cellular organs

A

liver, lymph nodes and the spleen

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45
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue

A

closely packed collagen fibres running in the same direction that provide tensile strength. found in tendons and ligaments

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46
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue

A

closely packed interwoven fibres running in different directions found in the dermis of the skin, that forms a protective capsule around organs

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47
Q

where is elastin found

A

arteries, lungs, skin, and underlying transitional epithelium

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48
Q

what causes scurvy

A

lack of vitamin c

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49
Q

what happens with scurvy

A

lack of vitamin c leads to defective collagen formation, which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and even death

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50
Q

what does the triple helical structure of collagen arise from

A

an unusual abundance of three amino acids: glycine, proline and hydroxyproline

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51
Q

what would happen without the structural support of collagen

A

blood vessels, tendons and skin would become fragile

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52
Q

what is systematic lupus erythematosis

A

an autoimmune disease where antibodies target host tissues such as skin, bonds, tendons and kidneys

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53
Q

what are the oral symptoms and manifestations of systematic lupus erythematosis

A

dryness, soreness and buccal or palatal lesions

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54
Q

what is sjogrens disease

A

an autoimmune disease where the antibodies affect glands that produce tears and saliva

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55
Q

what are the symptoms and oral manifestations of sjogrens disease

A

dry eyes and mouth, increased dental caries and candiasis

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56
Q

what is the most abundant tissue type in the human body

A

connective tissue

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57
Q

what is the function of bone connective tissue

A

structrual integrity

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58
Q

what is the function of cartilage connective tissue

A

protect joints, provide structural integrity

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59
Q

what is the function of tendons and ligaments

A

connect muscle to bone, protect joints

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60
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

energy storage

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61
Q

what is the function of mesentry

A

connects intestine to abdomen

62
Q

what is the function of layers of connective tissue under the skin and around organs

A

provide support

63
Q

what are some examples of connective tissues

A

bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
adipose tissue
mesentry
layers under the skin and around organs

64
Q

what does the extracellular matrix do

A

provide structural and biochemical support for cells

65
Q

is the epithelium highly vascularised

A

no

66
Q

describe the connective tissue proper

A

there is a broad category of diverse structure and functions and will be loose or dense depending on arrangement of fibres

67
Q

what is the structure of collagen

A

triple helical

68
Q

why may the resolution of cells on h&E staining appear blurred or smudgy

A

poor specimen preparation or sectioning. tissue samples are delicate and must be supported in order for the thin sections to be easily cut without becoming distorted. support can be provided by embedding tissue samples in resins or paraffin wax. ideally the tissue sections should be as thin as a single layer of cells in order for the light or electrons to pass through the prepared tissue and allow the cellular detail to be visible under the microscope. distortion to the tissue structure or cutting of thick sections will reduce the resolution when viewed under a microscope

69
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue

A

energy storage (adipose tissues store energy in the form of a lipid), structural support, and binds other tissues together

70
Q

what are the three main components of connective tissues

A

cells, ground substance, and fibres

71
Q

are connective tissues highly cellular tissues

A

no

72
Q

what are the functions of the ground substance

A

provide a water binding ability, provide biochemical support, and tissue volume

73
Q

what is the function of cells that have the blast suffix

A

these cells synthesise and secrete the extracellular matrix

74
Q

what is the most abundant type of fibre

A

collagen

75
Q

are most connective tissues containing blood vessels and lymphatics

A

yes

76
Q

what are the different forms of adipose tissue

A

brown and white

77
Q

what is areolar tissue

A

this is a loose connective tissue that is involved in biological packing

78
Q

give a summary of the basement membrane

A
  • sheet like arrangement of extracellular matrix proteins.
  • controls the physical binding of the epithelia
  • controls epithelial growth
  • permits the flow of nutrients
79
Q

what form of connective tissue has a rich blood supply

A

adipose tissue

80
Q

what are the two types of fibre found in connective tissue

A

collagen and elastic

81
Q

give a summery on elastin

A

this is a fibre arrangement in discontinuous sheets or as single fibres.

they are synthesisded by fibroblasts
formation of elastin involved fibroblasts creating tropoelastin, which is then polymerised into elastin by lysyl oxidase with extensive cross linking of lysine amino acid side chains

82
Q

what is fibrillin

A

a structural glycoprotein important for deposition of elastin

83
Q

give a summary of collagen formation

A
  • secreted into the extracellular matrix by connective tissue cells like fibroblasts
  • tropocollagen monomer is produced by the fibroblasts and join together longitudinally to form collagen fibrils
84
Q

what are mesenchymes

A

these are where the cells of supporting tissue are derived

85
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

they secrete, maintain and recycle the matrix

86
Q

what are myofibroblasts involved in

A

repair

87
Q

what are adipocytes involved in

A

these cells are specialised in storage of fat and form adipose tissue

88
Q

what are chondrocytes involved in

A

producing and maintaining the collagenous matrix

89
Q

what are the main functions of connective tissue

A

general structure
mechanical strength
space filling
physical and metabolic support

90
Q

what are the structural properties of connective tissues

A

tensile strength
elasticity
volume

91
Q

what does it mean to say that connective tissue has tensile strength

A

it is able to resist pulling, sretching and tearing

92
Q

what does elasticity mean

A

the ability to return to original shape after being distorted; stretchiness

93
Q

give a summary on the structure and function of brown adipose tissue

A

body temperature regulation, rich in mitochondria, and are specialised in the generation of heat. they are found in the adrenals of human adults, but only in small amounts and nowhere else

94
Q

what is reticulin

A

the earliest form of collagen fibre to be produced during the development of all supporting tissues

95
Q

give a summary on the structure and function of adipose tissue

A

makes up about 20% of human body weight. functions in the following:
- triglyceride storage and mobilisation
- structural fill
- thermal insulator
- forms part of shock absorbing patterns
the fat is divided into lobules and are surrounded by fibrous tissue. it is a flexible and deformable cushion against compression

96
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

cells with dendrites, which are long, branched cytoplasmic processes.

97
Q

what is the function of the bone connective tissue

A

structural integrity

98
Q

what is the function of cartilage connective tissue

A

protect joints and structural integrity

99
Q

what is the function of tendon and ligament connective tissue

A

connect muscle to bone and protect joints

100
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

energy storage

101
Q

what is the function of mesentery connective tissue

A

connect the intestine to the abdomen

102
Q

what is found in extracellular matrix

A

ground substance and fibres

103
Q

what provides tissue volume in connective tissue

A

ground substance

104
Q

what provides water binding ability to the connective tissue

A

ground substance

105
Q

where is type one collagen found

A

fibrous tissues like skin tendons ligaments and bone

106
Q

where is type 2 collagen found

A

this is hyaline cartilage

107
Q

where is type three cartilage found

A

highly cellular organs like the liver

108
Q

how are collagen fibres arranged in ligaments

A

tightly and orientated in one direction for maximal strength

109
Q

how are collagen fibres arranged in dermis of the skin

A

less tightly packed than in ligaments, run perpendicular to each other to provide strength in both direction

110
Q

which collagen fibres are found in the liver

A

reticular

111
Q

which cells are found between the elastin in the artery wal

A

smooth muscle cells

112
Q

where is elastin very dense in the body

A

arterial walls

113
Q

what is the most common connective tissue cell type

A

fibroblasts

114
Q

which cells secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix in cartilage

A

chondrocytes

115
Q

what do osteoblasts and osteocytes do

A

secrete and maintain mineralised ecm in bone

116
Q

which connective tissues are not highly vascularised

A

cartilage, tendons and ligaments

117
Q

what are the skeletal connective tissues

A

cartilage and bone

118
Q

what are the fluid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph

119
Q

what are the loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

120
Q

what are the dense connective tissues

A

regular, irregular and elastic

121
Q

what kind of connective tissue is areolar tissue

A

loose

122
Q

what kind of connective tissue is adipose tissue

A

loose

123
Q

what kind of connective tissue is reticular tissue

A

loose

124
Q

what kind of connective tissue is regular tissue

A

dense

125
Q

what kind of connective tissue is irregular tissue

A

dense

126
Q

what kind of connective tissue is elastic

A

dense

127
Q

what makes up most of the loose connective tissues

A

ground substance

128
Q

what makes up most of the dense connective tissues

A

fibres

129
Q

where is areolar tissue found

A

beneath the skin, the submucosa and surrounding capillaries

130
Q

what is the function of areolar tissue

A

universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues

131
Q

how can adipocytes be seen in adipose tissue

A

in isolation or in small clusters

132
Q

where is adipose tissue found

A

deep beneath skin, breaks, in the abdomen, finger and foot pads.
it can be foud in isolation or scattered throughout fibrous connective tissues to create fibroadipose tissue

133
Q

where can reticular connective tissue be found

A

liver, lymph nodes and spleen

134
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

tendons and ligaments

135
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

dermis of skin and providing a protective capsule around the organs

136
Q

what actually is elastic connective tissue

A

a form of dense regular connective tissue that has been dominated by elastic fibres

137
Q

where is elastic connective tissue found

A

arteries, skin, lungs and underlying transitional epithelium

138
Q

which connective tissue disorder is caused by vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy, a defective collagen formation which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and death

139
Q

which amino acids are found in the triple helicle structure of collagen

A

glycine
proline
hydroxyproline

140
Q

what can happen to skin, blood vessles and tendons without collagen

A

fragility

141
Q

what is SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosis

142
Q

which connective tissue disorders have oral manifestations

A

sjogrens, system lupus erythematosis and scurvy

143
Q

what is the most abundant tissue within the human body

A

connective tissue

144
Q

what are the three main components of connective tissue

A

ground substance
fibres
cells

145
Q

what is found within the ground substance

A

glycoproteins
hyaluronic acid
glucosamine

146
Q

where is type one collagen found

A

dermis of skin
tendons
ligaments
bone

147
Q

where is type two collagen found

A

hyaline cartilage

148
Q

where is type three collagen found

A

liver and lymph nodes

149
Q

what type of collagen is reticular

A

type three

150
Q

which types of connective tissue are avascular

A

cartilage
tendons
ligaments

Histology (10 decks)

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