Connective Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
what are the four types of tissue found in the human body
A
- epithelium
- connective
- nervous
- muscle
2
Q
what is connective tissue
A
the most abundant tissue within the human body with a diverse structural arrangement depending on the location and function of the tissue
3
Q
what are examples of connective tissue
A
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons and ligaments
- adipose tissue
- mesentry
- layers under the skin and around the eyes
4
Q
what are the three main components that define connective tissue
A
- ground substance
- fibres
- cells
5
Q
how do each components of connective tissues differ
A
depending on the function of the tissue
6
Q
what makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues
A
the ground substance and fibres
7
Q
what does the extracellular matrix provide
A
structural and biochemical support for cells
8
Q
what does the ground substance do
A
provide chemical support
water binding
tissue volume
supports intercellular exchange of substances
9
Q
what is the ground substance
A
a clear, semi solid gel composed of glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates
10
Q
what are the complex carbohydrates that the ground substance contains
A
hyaluronic acid and glucosamine
11
Q
what do fibres do
A
provide structural support and tensile strength
12
Q
what are the two main types of fibre
A
collagen and elastin
13
Q
which type of fibre is more abundant and stronger
A
collagen
14
Q
what are elastin fibres
A
long and branched fibres that produce stretch and recoil ability
15
Q
what is collagen
A
strong fibre that provides tensile strength.
16
Q
how is collagen secreted into the extracellular matrix
A
by connective tissue cells
17
Q
how many types of collagen are there
A
28
18
Q
what are the most common forms of collagen
A
fibrous tissue
hyaline cartilage
delicate branched reticular network found in highly cellular organs
19
Q
how is elastin secreted into the extracellular matrix
A
connective tissue cells
20
Q
what does elastin do
A
confer elasticity to tissues
21
Q
where is elastin found
A
skin, lungs, blood vessels and bladder
22
Q
which type of collagen is found in skin, tendons bones and ligaments
A
type 1
23
Q
what are the cells of connective tissues
A
- fibroblasts
- odontoblasts
- adipcytes
- osteoclasts
24
Q
what is the most common connective tissue cell
A
fibroblasts
25
what does the suffix blast mean
synthesises the extracellular matrix
26
what do odontoblasts do
synthesise dentin in teeth
27
what do adipcytes do
maintain extracellular matrix in adipose tissue
28
what does the suffic cytes mean
maintain the extracellular matrix
29
what does the suffix clast mean
breakdown of the extracellular matrix
30
what do osteoclasts do
they recycle / breakdown extracellular matrix in bone
31
what do fibroblasts do
secrete fibres and components of ground substance
32
what do chondrocytes do
secrete and maintain extracellular matrix in cartilage
33
how are connective tissues highly vascularised
they contain blood vessels and lymphatics
34
what do connective tissues contain for defence
immune cells that survey tissues for invading pathogens/cell damage
35
what are the exceptions of connective tissues that contain immune cells
cartilage, tendons and ligaments
36
connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of loose connective tissues
loose are mostly ground state, include adipose, areolar and reticular
37
connective tissues can be classified as either loose or dense. what are examples of dense connective tissues
dense are mostly fibres, and can be regular, irregular or elastic
38
how are connective tissues classified as loose or dense
depends on the arragement of fibres
39
what are cartilage and bone
skeletal connective tissues
40
what are blood and nymph
fluid connective tissues
41
what is areolar tissue
a universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues. it is found beneath skin, submucosa, and surrounding capillaries
42
what is adipose tissue
tissue that functions in energy storage, shock absorption and insulation. it is found deep beneath skin, breasts, abdomen, finger and foot pads
43
what is reticular tissue
a delicate, branched network providing internal structure to highly cellular organs
44
what are some highly cellular organs
liver, lymph nodes and the spleen
45
what is dense regular connective tissue
closely packed collagen fibres running in the same direction that provide tensile strength. found in tendons and ligaments
46
what is dense irregular connective tissue
closely packed interwoven fibres running in different directions found in the dermis of the skin, that forms a protective capsule around organs
47
where is elastin found
arteries, lungs, skin, and underlying transitional epithelium
48
what causes scurvy
lack of vitamin c
49
what happens with scurvy
lack of vitamin c leads to defective collagen formation, which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and even death
50
what does the triple helical structure of collagen arise from
an unusual abundance of three amino acids: glycine, proline and hydroxyproline
51
what would happen without the structural support of collagen
blood vessels, tendons and skin would become fragile
52
what is systematic lupus erythematosis
an autoimmune disease where antibodies target host tissues such as skin, bonds, tendons and kidneys
53
what are the oral symptoms and manifestations of systematic lupus erythematosis
dryness, soreness and buccal or palatal lesions
54
what is sjogrens disease
an autoimmune disease where the antibodies affect glands that produce tears and saliva
55
what are the symptoms and oral manifestations of sjogrens disease
dry eyes and mouth, increased dental caries and candiasis
56
what is the most abundant tissue type in the human body
connective tissue
57
what is the function of bone connective tissue
structrual integrity
58
what is the function of cartilage connective tissue
protect joints, provide structural integrity
59
what is the function of tendons and ligaments
connect muscle to bone, protect joints
60
what is the function of adipose tissue
energy storage
61
what is the function of mesentry
connects intestine to abdomen
62
what is the function of layers of connective tissue under the skin and around organs
provide support
63
what are some examples of connective tissues
bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
adipose tissue
mesentry
layers under the skin and around organs
64
what does the extracellular matrix do
provide structural and biochemical support for cells
65
is the epithelium highly vascularised
no
66
describe the connective tissue proper
there is a broad category of diverse structure and functions and will be loose or dense depending on arrangement of fibres
67
what is the structure of collagen
triple helical
68
why may the resolution of cells on h&E staining appear blurred or smudgy
poor specimen preparation or sectioning. tissue samples are delicate and must be supported in order for the thin sections to be easily cut without becoming distorted. support can be provided by embedding tissue samples in resins or paraffin wax. ideally the tissue sections should be as thin as a single layer of cells in order for the light or electrons to pass through the prepared tissue and allow the cellular detail to be visible under the microscope. distortion to the tissue structure or cutting of thick sections will reduce the resolution when viewed under a microscope
69
what are the functions of connective tissue
energy storage (adipose tissues store energy in the form of a lipid), structural support, and binds other tissues together
70
what are the three main components of connective tissues
cells, ground substance, and fibres
71
are connective tissues highly cellular tissues
no
72
what are the functions of the ground substance
provide a water binding ability, provide biochemical support, and tissue volume
73
what is the function of cells that have the blast suffix
these cells synthesise and secrete the extracellular matrix
74
what is the most abundant type of fibre
collagen
75
are most connective tissues containing blood vessels and lymphatics
yes
76
what are the different forms of adipose tissue
brown and white
77
what is areolar tissue
this is a loose connective tissue that is involved in biological packing
78
give a summary of the basement membrane
- sheet like arrangement of extracellular matrix proteins.
- controls the physical binding of the epithelia
- controls epithelial growth
- permits the flow of nutrients
79
what form of connective tissue has a rich blood supply
adipose tissue
80
what are the two types of fibre found in connective tissue
collagen and elastic
81
give a summery on elastin
this is a fibre arrangement in discontinuous sheets or as single fibres.
they are synthesisded by fibroblasts
formation of elastin involved fibroblasts creating tropoelastin, which is then polymerised into elastin by lysyl oxidase with extensive cross linking of lysine amino acid side chains
82
what is fibrillin
a structural glycoprotein important for deposition of elastin
83
give a summary of collagen formation
- secreted into the extracellular matrix by connective tissue cells like fibroblasts
- tropocollagen monomer is produced by the fibroblasts and join together longitudinally to form collagen fibrils
84
what are mesenchymes
these are where the cells of supporting tissue are derived
85
what do fibroblasts do
they secrete, maintain and recycle the matrix
86
what are myofibroblasts involved in
repair
87
what are adipocytes involved in
these cells are specialised in storage of fat and form adipose tissue
88
what are chondrocytes involved in
producing and maintaining the collagenous matrix
89
what are the main functions of connective tissue
general structure
mechanical strength
space filling
physical and metabolic support
90
what are the structural properties of connective tissues
tensile strength
elasticity
volume
91
what does it mean to say that connective tissue has tensile strength
it is able to resist pulling, sretching and tearing
92
what does elasticity mean
the ability to return to original shape after being distorted; stretchiness
93
give a summary on the structure and function of brown adipose tissue
body temperature regulation, rich in mitochondria, and are specialised in the generation of heat. they are found in the adrenals of human adults, but only in small amounts and nowhere else
94
what is reticulin
the earliest form of collagen fibre to be produced during the development of all supporting tissues
95
give a summary on the structure and function of adipose tissue
makes up about 20% of human body weight. functions in the following:
- triglyceride storage and mobilisation
- structural fill
- thermal insulator
- forms part of shock absorbing patterns
the fat is divided into lobules and are surrounded by fibrous tissue. it is a flexible and deformable cushion against compression
96
what are dendritic cells
cells with dendrites, which are long, branched cytoplasmic processes.
97
what is the function of the bone connective tissue
structural integrity
98
what is the function of cartilage connective tissue
protect joints and structural integrity
99
what is the function of tendon and ligament connective tissue
connect muscle to bone and protect joints
100
what is the function of adipose tissue
energy storage
101
what is the function of mesentery connective tissue
connect the intestine to the abdomen
102
what is found in extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibres
103
what provides tissue volume in connective tissue
ground substance
104
what provides water binding ability to the connective tissue
ground substance
105
where is type one collagen found
fibrous tissues like skin tendons ligaments and bone
106
where is type 2 collagen found
this is hyaline cartilage
107
where is type three cartilage found
highly cellular organs like the liver
108
how are collagen fibres arranged in ligaments
tightly and orientated in one direction for maximal strength
109
how are collagen fibres arranged in dermis of the skin
less tightly packed than in ligaments, run perpendicular to each other to provide strength in both direction
110
which collagen fibres are found in the liver
reticular
111
which cells are found between the elastin in the artery wal
smooth muscle cells
112
where is elastin very dense in the body
arterial walls
113
what is the most common connective tissue cell type
fibroblasts
114
which cells secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix in cartilage
chondrocytes
115
what do osteoblasts and osteocytes do
secrete and maintain mineralised ecm in bone
116
which connective tissues are not highly vascularised
cartilage, tendons and ligaments
117
what are the skeletal connective tissues
cartilage and bone
118
what are the fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph
119
what are the loose connective tissues
areolar, adipose, and reticular
120
what are the dense connective tissues
regular, irregular and elastic
121
what kind of connective tissue is areolar tissue
loose
122
what kind of connective tissue is adipose tissue
loose
123
what kind of connective tissue is reticular tissue
loose
124
what kind of connective tissue is regular tissue
dense
125
what kind of connective tissue is irregular tissue
dense
126
what kind of connective tissue is elastic
dense
127
what makes up most of the loose connective tissues
ground substance
128
what makes up most of the dense connective tissues
fibres
129
where is areolar tissue found
beneath the skin, the submucosa and surrounding capillaries
130
what is the function of areolar tissue
universal packing material that supports and binds other tissues
131
how can adipocytes be seen in adipose tissue
in isolation or in small clusters
132
where is adipose tissue found
deep beneath skin, breaks, in the abdomen, finger and foot pads.
it can be foud in isolation or scattered throughout fibrous connective tissues to create fibroadipose tissue
133
where can reticular connective tissue be found
liver, lymph nodes and spleen
134
where is dense regular connective tissue found
tendons and ligaments
135
where is dense irregular connective tissue found
dermis of skin and providing a protective capsule around the organs
136
what actually is elastic connective tissue
a form of dense regular connective tissue that has been dominated by elastic fibres
137
where is elastic connective tissue found
arteries, skin, lungs and underlying transitional epithelium
138
which connective tissue disorder is caused by vitamin c deficiency
scurvy, a defective collagen formation which leads to loose teeth, skin haemorrhages and death
139
which amino acids are found in the triple helicle structure of collagen
glycine
proline
hydroxyproline
140
what can happen to skin, blood vessles and tendons without collagen
fragility
141
what is SLE
systemic lupus erythematosis
142
which connective tissue disorders have oral manifestations
sjogrens, system lupus erythematosis and scurvy
143
what is the most abundant tissue within the human body
connective tissue
144
what are the three main components of connective tissue
ground substance
fibres
cells
145
what is found within the ground substance
glycoproteins
hyaluronic acid
glucosamine
146
where is type one collagen found
dermis of skin
tendons
ligaments
bone
147
where is type two collagen found
hyaline cartilage
148
where is type three collagen found
liver and lymph nodes
149
what type of collagen is reticular
type three
150
which types of connective tissue are avascular
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
