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Anatomy and Physiology > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

0
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous EPITHELIUM with insoluable protein KERATIN (cornified)

Avascular; No blood vessels, activities via diffusion

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1
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Uppermost layer of skin

Variations in this cause variations in thickness of skin

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2
Q

Stratum basale

A 
Stratum= layer
Basale= basal= rests on basement ️membrane
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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A

EPIDERMIS- stratum basale

Give rise to (keratin cells) NEWEST cells pushed outward in cell division

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4
Q

Melanocytes

A

EPIDERMIS- Stratum basale

-Produce pigment melanin

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5
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment

Passed from melanocytes to keratinocytes through phagocytosis

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6
Q

Merkel cells

A

EPIDERMIS- Stratum basale

-in conjunction with dermal nerve ending, form tactile receptor known as MERKEL disc!

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7
Q

Merkel disc

A

In dermis

Tactile receptor formed by MERKEL cells and dermal nerve endings in epidermis stratum basale

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8
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

EPIDERMIS

  • several layers of flat keratinocytes
  • organelles degenerating
  • spiny appearance as shrink; attached to each other by desmosomes
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9
Q

Where in epidermis are Macrophages found?

A

Stratum Spinosum and stratum granulosum

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10
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

EPIDERMIS

2-5 layers of cells with granules of keratohyalin

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

EPIDERMIS

Thin, translucent zone (a lot of matrix) seen only in THICK skin, such as soles of feet

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12
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

EPIDERMIS

Made up of 25-30 layers of dead keratinized cells

Waterproof, protective outer layer; thickest layer

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13
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Area (layer) below the skin

Ex: a subcutaneous injection from dr.

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14
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Any gland with a duct that reaches the surface

Ex: glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Intra-

A

Within

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16
Q

Inter-

A

Between/among

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17
Q

What kind of cells make up the stratum basale?

A

A single layer of low columnar cells, rests on basement membrane

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18
Q

What 3 cells can be found in the stratum basale in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel cells

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19
Q

What happens to melanin when a white person gets tan?

A

You make the melanin spread out more

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20
Q

What happens to keratinocytes as they go from stratum basale to stratum Spinosum?

A

They flatten (in which organelles are degenerating) and make up several layers of the stratum spinosum

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21
Q

How are the flattened keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum connected to each other?

A

By desmosomes, giving them a spiny appearance as they shrink

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22
Q

What two cells are found in stratum

Spinosum if epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes and macrophages

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23
Q

Macrophages

A

(Aka Langerhans cells)
In every area of the body just different names

Named this in stratum Spinosum and stratum granulosum of epidermis

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24
Q

Whats keratohyalin

A

Will become keratin

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25
Q

Dermal papilla

A

Structures of epithelium sticking down from epithelium in epidermis into CT of dermis like FINGERS

More circuitry for diffusion from bottom-up

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26
Q

What is the GENERAL structure of the dermis?

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Specifically, fibroconnective tissue w/ blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and nail roots

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27
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

A zone of areolar tissue (loose CT) closest to epidermis, projecting hoard as dermal papillae. BLOOD VESSELS extend close to epidermis within papillae.

Large # white blood cells (immune system)

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28
Q

What is the reticular layer in the dermis?

A

Contains dense irregular CT

Stretching this area is what causes stretch marks

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29
Q

Linea albicantes

A

Stretch marks caused by tears in reticular layer of dermis

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30
Q

Alb-

A

White

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31
Q

How thick is the dermis?

A

1.0-2.0 mm thick

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32
Q

How many cm are in 1 inch?

A

2.5cm

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33
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Next to hair; produce oil in hair (exocrine glands)

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34
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Muscle that makes hair stand up

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35
Q

Dermal BV dilation

A

Skin becomes red; (bc hot)

36
Q

Dermal BV constriction

A

BV constrict so we can keep warm when cold

37
Q

What are two other pigments beside melanin?

A

Carotene (Orange)

Jaundice (yellow)

38
Q

Hepatitis

A

Disease of the liver; causes jaundice (yellow skin)

39
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise

40
Q

Erythema

A

Abnormal skin redness

Can cause pallor

41
Q

Pallor

A

Pale/light skin

42
Q

Cyanosis

A

“Cyan”= blue

Blue skin; low oxygen (constrict BV)

43
Q

Hemiangiomas

A

Birthmarks

44
Q

Nevus

A

Moles on

45
Q

What makes skin a tough barrier?

A

Keratin and epidermal desmosomes (tight junctions that keep skin intact)

46
Q

What makes skin unfavorable for microbial growth?

A

Dry habitat and acid mantle of sweat

47
Q

Can water get through skin

A

No bc of keratin

48
Q

What two chemicals are involved in the production of vitamin D?

A

Dehydrocholesterol

Cholecalciferol

49
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

UV radiation penetrate dermis, reaches steroid: dehydrocholesterol (in blood). Converted to cholecalciferol. LIVER turns this into active vitamin D.

50
Q

What does vitamin D do for the body? I

A

Helps us to absorb calcium for nerves & muscles; phosphorous levels in body

51
Q

Do we receive oxygen through skin?

A

Small amount

1-2%

52
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Sweat constant w|o noticing

53
Q

What are both hair (pili) and nails made of?

A

Hard KERATIN

54
Q

Lanugo

A

Fine, downy, no pigment

Cover fetus

55
Q

Vellus

A

Fine unpigmented hair that covers most of body

56
Q

Terminal hair

A

Pubic hair/ men’s facial hair

57
Q

Vibrissae

A

Short guard hairs in nose, ears …

58
Q

Structure of hair in skin

A

Root, hair follicle, then shaft above skin

59
Q

What causes hair color?

A

Abundance of melanin

60
Q

Red hair contains ….

A

Trichosiderin

61
Q

Where is hair follicle

A

Dermis; has 2 layers

62
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

Extension of epidermis

63
Q

What causes hair to grow?

A

Mitosis in stratum basale of epidermal root sheath

64
Q

Alopecia

A

Thinning of hair (age-related, other…)

65
Q

Hypertrichosis

A

Abnormal hair growth

66
Q

Two types of skin sweat glands

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

67
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

Watery sweat to cool off

Ducts to skin surface

68
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Groin, breast.. Viscous, odorous, puberty, respond to stress

Ducts lead to hair follicles

69
Q

Sebum

A

Produced by sebaceous glands (oil of cholesterol, fats, proteins, salts) to moisturize skin/hair

Associated w| hair= ducts in hair follicle

Not associated w| hair= ducts open on skin surface (lips, eyelids, labia minora)

70
Q

Cercuminous glands

A

Only in ear canal to produce cerumen (ear wax)

Modified sweat gland

71
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax

72
Q

Why do women have more BV than men?

A

Skin thickens at puberty (blush easily ex)

73
Q

Senescence

A

Collagen breaks down

74
Q

What percentage of solid rumors are in epithelium?

A

70%

75
Q

Most frequent skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

  • seldom spreads
  • raised bump
76
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Skin cancer from stratum spinosum

-curable but can spread

77
Q

Deadliest, least common skin cancer

A

Melanoma

78
Q

Melanoma

A

Survival rate= less than 1%

Arises from melanocytes (preexisting mole)

79
Q

What goes to area of skin when cut?

A

Fibroblasts

Go to cut from dermis to lay down white collagen (scar tissue)

80
Q

Leading cause of accidental death

A

Burns

81
Q

1st degree burns

A

Only epidermis

82
Q

2nd degree burns

A

Upper dermis

83
Q

3rd degree burns

A

Destroy skin & sometimes deeper tissue

84
Q

Debridement

A

Cutting away dead tissue

essential in severe burns

85
Q

Autograft

A

Skin graft taken from same person

86
Q

Isograft

A

From identical twin

87
Q

Homograft

A

Unrelated person

88
Q

Heterograft/xenograft

A

Different animal

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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