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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscles 2 > Flashcards

Muscles 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Threshold

A

Minimal voltage necessary to produce muscle contraction

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1
Q

Latent period

A

During and immediately after action potential when no visible change occurs in the muscle fiber (3-10 msec.)

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2
Q

Twitch

A

When muscle is given a single, brief stimulation, it shows a twitch which is a cycle of contraction and relaxation

Contraction phase followed by relaxation phase

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3
Q

All-or-none law

A

Muscle fiber exhibits a max contraction response or it exhibits none at all

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4
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron + all the fibers it innervates

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5
Q

How is the strength of contraction of a whole muscle graded?

A

It differs as more motor units join in

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6
Q

Treppe

A

(Staircase phenomenon) Muscle exhibit in response to a series of stimuli of the same strength.

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7
Q

What is Treppe probably due to?

A

The inability of the muscle cells to fully return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Example of something that exhibits Treppe

A

Successive increase in amplitude of the first few contractions of cardiac muscle that’s received a # of stimuli of the same intensity following a quiescent period

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9
Q

Refractory period

A

After a twitch, this is a brieft (1-2 msec.) period needed to restore the resting potential.

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10
Q

What happens during the refractory period

A

The sarcolemma is repolarizing and won’t respond to new stimulus

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11
Q

What happens if second stimulus arrived before the complete relaxation of a muscle

A

The muscle will achieve temporal summation (wave summation) and achieve a higher level of tension

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12
Q

what happens during temporal summation

A

The muscle will achieve a higher level of tension

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13
Q

When will temporal summation (wave summation) occur

A

If a second stimulation arrives before he complete relaxation of a muscle in the refractory period

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14
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

If the stimuli are frequent enough that the muscle cannot relax completely in between

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15
Q

Complete tetanus

A

If there is no time to relax AT ALL between stimuli

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16
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle contracts but does not change length (NO MOVEMENT)

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17
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle contracts with force greater/less than resistance and shortens/lengthens (MOVEMENT)

Ex: curls

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18
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Muscle contracts with force greater than resistance and shortens

19
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Muscle contracts with force less than resistance and lengthens

20
Q

What accumulates during anaerobic fermentation when O2 is limited

A

Lactic acid

21
Q

Phosphagen system

A

Phosphagen groups goes around recruiting phosphate to be ready to combine with ADP to make ATP

22
Q

How do we get immediate energy

A

For short, quick spurts of energy we rely on the phosphagen system to supply ATP

23
Q

What are the two phosphagen groups and what do they do

A

Myokinase and creatine kinase and they recruit phosphate groups

24
Q

Short term energy

A

After the phosphagen system is exhausted muscle relies on fermentation (glycogen-lactic acid pathway) for ATP for 30-40 seconds

25
Q

Long term energy

A

Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration with oxygen)

26
Q

Where does lactic acid go

A

Back and forth between muscle and liver

27
Q

What happens as glycogen is consumed

A

ATP synthesis declines. This shortage slows down the cells ability to maintain the resting membrane potential (NA, K pump)

28
Q

What do too many potassium ions do

A

Reduces membrane potential, muscle fatigue

29
Q

Why can’t we continue to live off of fermentation

A

Lactic acid lowers the pH of the sarcoplasm and impairs the action of enzymes

30
Q

What happens if motor nerve fibers use up either ACh?

A

The CNS fatigues for unknown reasons

31
Q

What does physical endurance depend on?

A

The max oxygen uptake of the athlete and the supply of organic nutrients (glucose)

32
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Difference between the resting state of oxygen consumption and the elevated rate following an exercise (what you need vs what you got)

W/o enough oxygen you’re in debt

33
Q

What do we use oxygen inhaled after exercise for?

A

Used to replace the body’s oxygen reserves, replenish the phosphagen system, oxidize lactic acid, and serve the now elevated metabolic rate

34
Q

What does muscle strength depend on

A

Muscle size, size of active motor units, fascicles arrangement, multiple motor unit summation (recruitment), and temporal summation (wave summation)

35
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

Small and produce twitches up to 100 msec long. They have more mitochondria and capillaries, HIGH ENDURANCE FIBERS

Dark meat

36
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

Larger and produce twitches as short as 7.5 msec. Quick energy for stop/go activities. White meat

37
Q

Can athletic conditioning change genetic component of ability?

A

No, individuals are born with different ratios of slow to fast twitch fibers

38
Q

Resistance exercise (weight lifting)

A

Contention of muscles against a load that resists movement and is enough to stimulate muscle growth

39
Q

Endurance (aerobic) exercise

A

Improves the fatigue-resistance of muscles. Slow twitch fibers squire a greater density of blood capillaries

40
Q

Cross training

A

Optimal performance and skeletomuscular health require this which incorporates elements of both endurance and resistance

41
Q

What is delayed muscle soreness due to

A

Micro trauma

42
Q

Cramps

A

CNS occasionally triggers these painful spasmodic contractions

43
Q

What are cramps initiated by

A 
Extreme cold
Heavy exercise 
Lack of blood flow
Electrolyte depletion 
Dehydration 
Low blood glucose
44
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary and ANS (autonomic nervous system) controls it

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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