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HUBS 192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin (6)

A
  • protection for underlying tissues against abrasions, impact, fluid loss and chemicals; keratin - abrasion, water repellant, Melanin - UV rays
    • Vitamin D synthesis
    • Excretion of salts, sebum, water
    • Thermoregulation
    • Sensation
      • Storage of fats
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2
Q

What kind of cells is the epidermis made up of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of keratinocytes (cells that contain keratin)

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3
Q

Does the epidermis have a blood supply

A

No

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4
Q

where does the epidermis get its nutrients from

A

the vasculature of the dermis

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5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

Corneum, leusedum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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6
Q

What does the stratum basale do

A

it is columnar cells which divide and daughter cells migrate up to replenish the layer above. Where the Melanocytes are found

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7
Q

what does the Stratum spinosum do

A

Linked together by desmosomes, the cells become increasingly spiky/flattened as they move upwards

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8
Q

What does the stratum granulosome do

A

dehydrates cells further, keratin fibres cross link, waxy material is secreted into the ECM

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9
Q

What does the stratum lucidum do

A

Is in thick skin which is palms of feet and hands, Is an extra leyer

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10
Q

What does the stratum corneum do

A

it is dead cells with no nuclei. layer can be easily removed with tape

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11
Q

why is the epidermis wavy

A

to increase surface area so it can get resources from dermis blood supply

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12
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Anchor neighbouring cells in the epidermis

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13
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do

A

anchors the stratum basale to the dermis

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14
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer - consists of highly vascularised tissues (for nourishment)
Reticular layer - mesh like structure os collagen and elastin fibres
Both layers contain blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerve fibres and accessory structures.

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15
Q

What are the two plexus of the skin

A

The cutaneous plexus which is between the hypodermis and the dermis and supplies the lower dermis and hypodermis with blood
The sub papillary plexus which branches off the cutaneous plexus located deep to the papillary layer supplying blood to the upper dermis and epidermis

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16
Q

Hypodermis purpose

A

The main function is thermoregulation as it contains fat to act as insulation
Also where injections go to.
Mainly consists of adipocytes

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17
Q

First degree burn

A

Superficial - only involve the epidermis
Red, pink, dry, painful
skin remains intact
heals 3-10 days

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18
Q

Second degree burn

A

Normal: Epidermis and some dermis
Painful, moist, red, blistered
usually 1-2 weeks to heal; needs good dressing to avoid infection
Deeper: Epidermis and entire dermis
whiteish waxy looking areas
may lose sensation and get scarring
1 month to heal

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19
Q

Third degree burn

A

Full thickness burn ie. all layers of skina dn may involve some muscle and bone
waxy white to deep red or black
Hard, dry and leathery
no pain due to sensory nerve endings being destroyed
may require skin grafting and weeks to regenerate + scarring

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20
Q

Accessory structures of the skin

A

Hair, sweat glands, receptors, nails

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21
Q

What is Hair made of

A

dead, keratinised cells

22
Q

Anatomy of hair follicle

A

hair shaft projects from follicle
Also has arector pilli muscles which when contract cause hair follicle to stand up and goose bumbs
And root hair plexus - a collection of nerves at the base for sensation
Sebaceous glands - produce sebum

23
Q

Sebum

A

Oily secretion from sebaceous glands
Nourishes hair shaft and naturally moisturises skin
water repellant

24
Q

Sweat glands

A

Eccrine - found in most areas of the skin
Apocrine - founs in armpit, nipples and groin

25
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Found in armpit, groin and around nipples
Secrete sticky, oily and sometimes odourus secretions into base of hair follcle
more deep one
secreted by hormones

26
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Found all over the skin
pour water secretions directly on skin surface
Located more superficially
imporatnt for thermoregulation
Has antibacterial action

27
Q

Nails

A

Protect fingertips and toes
Enhance sensation by creating backboard

28
Q

Skin aging

A

Thinning epidermis
Thin dermis (sagging and wrinkling) - reduced collagen; so not holding it as tight anymore
Slower skin repair
Drier epidermis
impaired cooling; less sweat
Less pigmentation (due to low melanin production); pale skin, grey hair

29
Q

What does melanin do

A

absorbs UV light; protecting cells from UV damage

30
Q

Where is melanin produced

A

Melanocytes in the stratum basale

31
Q

How is melanin transported to epidermal cells

A

Melanosomes - vesicles containing melanin

32
Q

Do melanocytes or melanosomes get shed

A

mELANOSOMES AS FOUND THROUGH THE EPIDERMIS

33
Q

What is a mole

A

cLUSTER of melanocytes
Over poliferation can be caused by sun exposure

34
Q

What is a freckle

A

Melanocytes over producing melanosomes
over production caused by sun exposure

35
Q

Vitamin D purpose

A

essential for normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

36
Q

What does Vit D deficiency cause

A

causes rickets - due to calcium deficiency and affects mood

37
Q

What is required for Vit D synthesis

A

UV exposure

38
Q

2 types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma

39
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Quite common but metasis (spread) is rare (benign)
Originates in the stratum basale

40
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Rare but deadly of not treated
Orginates in melanocytes
Highly metastatic
mortality rate dependent on tumour

41
Q

Tattoo

A

has to go into dermis so that it doesn’t get shed off

42
Q

What are the prmiary mechanisms for heat transfer

A

Radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction

43
Q

Radiation

A

increased vasodilation for heat transfer

44
Q

Evaporation

A

of sweat

45
Q

Convection

A

aIRFLOW takes heat away - reduced by goosebumps

46
Q

Conduction

A

Touching something cold

47
Q

to keep warm blood flow to skin is:
and how:

A

Reduced - by constriction of smooth muscle bands around arterioles and pre capillary sphincters in the dermis
relaxation does the opposite for heat loss

48
Q

What system controls skin blood flow

A

Sympathetic nervous system

49
Q

Which hormone control skin blood flow

A

noradrenaline - which acts on a1 adrenergic receptors on the vascular smooth muscle of the skin

50
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the blood vessels reduce blood flow which controlled by increased sympathetic nervous system activity

51
Q

Vasodilation

A

tHE BLOOD vessels incease blood flow in response to increased temp and controlled by a decrease in SNS activity

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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