Repiratory Flashcards
Which bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity
Ethmoid and sphenoid
What is the nasal septum made of
Cartilage - anterior
bone - posterior
What is the floor of the nasal cavity made of
Hard and soft palates
What are conchae
Three projections in the nasal cavity that circulate air around so that it meets the optimal requirements
What are the conchae covered in
Respiratory epithelium
What type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity
mostly Respiratory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium on roof as contains smell receptors
What happens when cold air comes into the nasal cavity
thin walled vascular plexus dilates meaning a greater heat transfers to warm up the air
What does Paranasal sinuses mean
cavity within a bone surrounding the nose
Where is the paranasal sinuses found (bones)
within the frontal sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
What is the paranasal sinuses lined with
respiratory mucosa
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses
Lighten skull, increased SA, Sound resonance, Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses
What is the pharynx
Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive tracts
What are the three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior
Nasopharynx (air passage only)
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What lines the nasopharynx
respiratory mucosa
What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from enetering the nasal cavity
Soft palate and uvula
Where do auditory tubes drain into from the middle ear
Nasopharynx
What tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils
What passes through the oropharynx
Air and foos
What epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion
Which two tonsils are located int he oropharynx
Palatine and lingual
What passes through the laryngopharynx
Air and food
What are the components of the LRT
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
What closes over the larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering
Epiglottis
What is the role of the cartilage in the larynx
Keeps airway open and unobstructed by giving it shape and protection
what is cricoid cartilage
A ring of cartilage at top of the larynx making sure it remains unobstructed
Where is the voice box and vocal cords found
larynx
What is the trachea function
Maintain a patent airway
What cartilage is in the trachea and what do they do
C shaped cartilage rings. to keep the open shape but not full rings as needs to be connected by muscle which is able to contract to push the food back up
What are some things about the layers of the trachea
The lamina propria and submucosa has many elastin fibres and mucus secreting glands in submucosa
Which epithelium is in the trachea
Respiratory
what is the mucociliary escalator
Means that debris are able to be removed from the trachea. This is done by the mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands which coats the surface of epithelium and the cilia move it up.
how many lobes in the right side of the lungs
3
How many lobes of left side of lungs
2
What is a hilum in the lungs
where bronchi and BV enter
What is the apex of the lungs
the superior region
What is the costal surface of the lungs
lateral surface against ribs
What is the base of the lungs
inferior surface, sits on diaphragm
What are the layers of the bronchial tree in the lungs
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
many branches
terminal bronchioles
Alveoli
where is the trachelis muscle located
the muscle that connects to the C shaped rings in the trachea and located at posterior
What is the pattern of goblet cells, cartilage and respiratory epithelium in bronchial tree
Once in the secondary and tertiary bronchi the height of the respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height becoming cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles and the number of goblet cells reduce
The cartilage becomes rings again in primary bronchi with smooth muscle rings. In the secondary and tertiary they have cartilage plates as no longer need rings due to pressure. But keep ring of muscle. from bronchioles no longer need cartilage.
Why are there so many alveoli
So theres a larger SA
Alveolar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane (so very thin)
What is the external surface of alveoli covered in
Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange
What are pneumocytes
Lung epithelial cells
What are the two types of pneumocytes
Type 1 - squamous which forms the respiratory membrane
Type 2 - cuboidal scattered amoungst type 1, secrete surfactant; a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
What does a roaming macrophage do in alveoli
remove debris that make it to alveoli
What are the layers of the blood air barrier
Alveolar cell layer
fused basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
What does surfactant do
decreases surface tension ie. makes easier to expand
What is the FEV/FVC ratio
forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ how much forced vital capacity comes out in one second
What FEV/FVC ratio indicates airway obstruction
< 70%
Does a restrictive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio
no it will show up as normal
Does a obstructive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio
Yes it will be < 70%
What is a obstructive airway problem
It’s a resistance to the airway
ie. Asthma, chronic bronchitis
What is a restrictive airway problem
Reduced lung capacity
ie. reduced lung compliance, insufficient surfactant release
