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HUBS 192 > Repiratory > Flashcards

Repiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid

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2
Q

What is the nasal septum made of

A

Cartilage - anterior
bone - posterior

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3
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made of

A

Hard and soft palates

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4
Q

What are conchae

A

Three projections in the nasal cavity that circulate air around so that it meets the optimal requirements

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5
Q

What are the conchae covered in

A

Respiratory epithelium

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity

A

mostly Respiratory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium on roof as contains smell receptors

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7
Q

What happens when cold air comes into the nasal cavity

A

thin walled vascular plexus dilates meaning a greater heat transfers to warm up the air

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8
Q

What does Paranasal sinuses mean

A

cavity within a bone surrounding the nose

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9
Q

Where is the paranasal sinuses found (bones)

A

within the frontal sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

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10
Q

What is the paranasal sinuses lined with

A

respiratory mucosa

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11
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten skull, increased SA, Sound resonance, Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses

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12
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive tracts

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13
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior

A

Nasopharynx (air passage only)
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

What lines the nasopharynx

A

respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from enetering the nasal cavity

A

Soft palate and uvula

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16
Q

Where do auditory tubes drain into from the middle ear

A

Nasopharynx

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17
Q

What tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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18
Q

What passes through the oropharynx

A

Air and foos

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19
Q

What epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion

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20
Q

Which two tonsils are located int he oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual

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21
Q

What passes through the laryngopharynx

A

Air and food

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22
Q

What are the components of the LRT

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

23
Q

What closes over the larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering

A

Epiglottis

24
Q

What is the role of the cartilage in the larynx

A

Keeps airway open and unobstructed by giving it shape and protection

25
Q

what is cricoid cartilage

A

A ring of cartilage at top of the larynx making sure it remains unobstructed

26
Q

Where is the voice box and vocal cords found

A

larynx

27
Q

What is the trachea function

A

Maintain a patent airway

28
Q

What cartilage is in the trachea and what do they do

A

C shaped cartilage rings. to keep the open shape but not full rings as needs to be connected by muscle which is able to contract to push the food back up

29
Q

What are some things about the layers of the trachea

A

The lamina propria and submucosa has many elastin fibres and mucus secreting glands in submucosa

30
Q

Which epithelium is in the trachea

A

Respiratory

31
Q

what is the mucociliary escalator

A

Means that debris are able to be removed from the trachea. This is done by the mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands which coats the surface of epithelium and the cilia move it up.

32
Q

how many lobes in the right side of the lungs

A

3

33
Q

How many lobes of left side of lungs

A

2

34
Q

What is a hilum in the lungs

A

where bronchi and BV enter

35
Q

What is the apex of the lungs

A

the superior region

36
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs

A

lateral surface against ribs

37
Q

What is the base of the lungs

A

inferior surface, sits on diaphragm

38
Q

What are the layers of the bronchial tree in the lungs

A

trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
many branches
terminal bronchioles
Alveoli

39
Q

where is the trachelis muscle located

A

the muscle that connects to the C shaped rings in the trachea and located at posterior

40
Q

What is the pattern of goblet cells, cartilage and respiratory epithelium in bronchial tree

A

Once in the secondary and tertiary bronchi the height of the respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height becoming cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles and the number of goblet cells reduce
The cartilage becomes rings again in primary bronchi with smooth muscle rings. In the secondary and tertiary they have cartilage plates as no longer need rings due to pressure. But keep ring of muscle. from bronchioles no longer need cartilage.

41
Q

Why are there so many alveoli

A

So theres a larger SA

42
Q

Alveolar epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane (so very thin)

43
Q

What is the external surface of alveoli covered in

A

Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

44
Q

What are pneumocytes

A

Lung epithelial cells

45
Q

What are the two types of pneumocytes

A

Type 1 - squamous which forms the respiratory membrane
Type 2 - cuboidal scattered amoungst type 1, secrete surfactant; a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

46
Q

What does a roaming macrophage do in alveoli

A

remove debris that make it to alveoli

47
Q

What are the layers of the blood air barrier

A

Alveolar cell layer
fused basement membrane
Capillary endothelium

48
Q

What does surfactant do

A

decreases surface tension ie. makes easier to expand

49
Q

What is the FEV/FVC ratio

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ how much forced vital capacity comes out in one second

50
Q

What FEV/FVC ratio indicates airway obstruction

A

< 70%

51
Q

Does a restrictive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio

A

no it will show up as normal

52
Q

Does a obstructive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio

A

Yes it will be < 70%

53
Q

What is a obstructive airway problem

A

It’s a resistance to the airway
ie. Asthma, chronic bronchitis

54
Q

What is a restrictive airway problem

A

Reduced lung capacity
ie. reduced lung compliance, insufficient surfactant release

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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